Maize ubiquitin promoters

ABSTRACT

The  Zea mays  c.v. B73 Ubiquitin-1 ( Z. mays  c.v. B73 Ubi-1) promoter drives high levels of constitutive transgene expression in plants. Repeated use of the same  Z. mays  c.v. B73 Ubi-1 promoter in multi-gene constructs may also lead to gene silencing, thereby making transgenic products less efficacious. Provided are gene regulatory promoter elements, constructs, and methods for expressing a transgene in plant cells and/or plant tissues using gene regulatory elements from the Ubi-1 promoter of a different  Zea  species,  Z. luxurians  v1.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 USC § 119(e) of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/922,529, filed on Dec. 31, 2013, theentire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is generally related to the field of plant molecularbiology, and more specifically, to the field of expression of transgenesin plants.

BACKGROUND

Many plant species are capable of being transformed with transgenes tointroduce agronomically desirable traits or characteristics. Plantspecies are developed and/or modified to have particular desirabletraits. Generally, desirable traits include, for example, improvingnutritional value quality, increasing yield, conferring pest or diseaseresistance, increasing drought and stress tolerance, improvinghorticultural qualities (e.g., pigmentation and growth), impartingherbicide resistance, enabling the production of industrially usefulcompounds and/or materials from the plant, and/or enabling theproduction of pharmaceuticals.

Transgenic plant species comprising multiple transgenes stacked at asingle genomic locus are produced via plant transformation technologies.Plant transformation technologies result in the introduction of atransgene into a plant cell, recovery of a fertile transgenic plant thatcontains the stably integrated copy of the transgene in the plantgenome, and subsequent transgene expression via transcription andtranslation of the plant genome results in transgenic plants thatpossess desirable traits and phenotypes. However, mechanisms that allowthe production of transgenic plant species to highly express multipletransgenes engineered as a trait stack are desirable.

Likewise, mechanisms that allow the expression of a transgene withinparticular tissues or organs of a plant are desirable. For example,increased resistance of a plant to infection by soil-borne pathogensmight be accomplished by transforming the plant genome with apathogen-resistance gene such that pathogen-resistance protein isrobustly expressed within the roots of the plant. Alternatively, it maybe desirable to express a transgene in plant tissues that are in aparticular growth or developmental phase such as, for example, celldivision or elongation.

Described herein are Zea luxurians Ubi-1 promoter regulatory elementsincluding promoters, upstream-promoters, 5′-UTRs, and introns. Furtherdescribed are constructs and methods utilizing gene regulatory elements.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are promoters, constructs, and methods for expressing atransgene in plant cells, and/or plant tissues. In an embodiment,expression of a transgene comprises use of a promoter. In an embodiment,a promoter comprises a polynucleotide sequence. In an embodiment, apromoter polynucleotide sequence comprises an upstream-promoter, a5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) or leader sequence, and an intron. In anembodiment, a promoter polynucleotide sequence comprises the Ubiquitin-1gene (Ubi-1). In an embodiment, a promoter polynucleotide sequencecomprises the Ubi-1 gene of Zea luxurians (Z. luxurians).

In an embodiment, a construct includes a gene expression cassettecomprising a promoter polynucleotide sequence that was obtained from theUbi-1 gene of Z. luxurians. In an embodiment, the Ubi-1 promoterpolynucleotide sequence from Z. luxurians comprises an upstream-promoterregion, 5′-UTR or leaders sequence, and an intron. In an embodiment, aconstruct includes a gene expression cassette comprising a promoterpolynucleotide sequence obtained from Z. luxurians Ubi-1 gene fused toan intron from the gene encoding Yellow Fluorescent Protein from thePhialidium species (PhiYFP). In an embodiment, a construct includes agene expression cassette comprising a promoter polynucleotide sequenceobtained from Z. luxurians Ubi-1 gene fused to an intron from the geneencoding Yellow Fluorescent Protein from the Phialidium species(PhiYFP), followed by a 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) from thePeroxidase 5 gene of Z. mays. (ZmPer5). The resulting polynucleotidesequence comprises a novel promoter gene regulatory element.

In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette includes a gene promoterregulatory element operably linked to a transgene or a heterologouscoding sequence. In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette includesat least one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, ormore transgenes.

Methods of growing plants expressing a transgene using novel genepromoter regulatory elements (e.g. an upstream-promoter, 5′-UTR, andintron) are disclosed herein. Methods of culturing plant tissues andcells expressing a transgene using the novel gene promoter regulatoryelement are also disclosed herein. In an embodiment, methods asdisclosed herein include constitutive gene expression in plant leaves,roots, calli, and pollen. Methods of purifying a polynucleotide sequencecomprising the novel gene promoter regulatory element are also disclosedherein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic novel promoter comprising the Zea mays c.v. B73Ubi-1 gene. The promoter is comprised of an upstream element, a 5′-UTRor leader sequence, and an intron. The upstream element is located 5′upstream of the Transcription Start Site (TSS), indicated by the longarrow. The upstream element is comprised of regulatory elements, such asa TATA box, indicated by the short arrow, and a heat shock element,indicated by the star.

FIG. 2 shows the plasmid map for vector pDAB105710 comprising the PCRamplified promoter sequence of Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 gene.

FIG. 3 shows the polynucleotide sequence of Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1control promoter (SEQ ID NO: 1) with the upstream-promoter regionunderlined, the 5′-UTR/leader sequence shaded, and the intron region inlower case.

FIG. 4 shows the polynucleotide sequence of Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2) with the upstream-promoter region underlined,the 5′-UTR/leader sequence shaded, and the intron region in lower case.

FIG. 5 shows the polynucleotide sequence alignment of theupstream-promoter regions of Z. luxurians v1 (SEQ ID NO: 4) compared tothe Z. mays c.v. B73 control upstream-promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3).

FIG. 6 shows the polynucleotide sequence alignment of the 5′-UTR/leaderregions of Z. luxurians v1 (SEQ ID NO: 6) compared to the Z. mays c.v.B73 control 5′-UTR/leader sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5).

FIG. 7 shows the polynucleotide sequence alignment of the intron regionsof Z. luxurians v1 (SEQ ID NO: 8) compared to the Z. mays c.v. B73control intron sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7).

FIG. 8 shows a vector map of binary expression construct, pDAB105748,comprising the control entry vector, pDAB105742 (Z. mays c.v. B73),inserted into destination vector, pDAB10197.

FIG. 9 shows a vector map of binary expression construct, pDAB105743,comprising the entry vector, pDAB105737 (Z. luxurians v1), inserted intodestination vector, pDAB10197.

FIG. 10 shows PhiYFP gene expression in T_(o) plant calli for binaryexpression constructs pDAB105748 (Z. mays c.v. B73) and pDAB105743 (Z.luxurians v1).

FIG. 11 shows PhiYFP gene expression in T₁ plant pollen for binaryexpression constructs pDAB105748 (Z. mays c.v. B73), pDAB105743 (Z.luxurians v1), and a negative control.

FIG. 12 shows a vector map of binary expression construct, pDAB112853,comprising the PhiYFP reporter gene and the ZmPer5 3′-UTR driven by aZmUbi-1 promoter v2, and the AAD-1 v3 gene and ZmLip 3′-UTR v1 driven bya Z. luxurians v1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

As used herein, the articles, “a”, “an”, and “the” include pluralreferences unless the context clearly and unambiguously dictatesotherwise.

As used herein, the term “backcrossing” refers to a process in which abreeder crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example,a first generation hybrid F1 with one of the parental genotypes of theF1 hybrid.

As used herein, the term “intron” refers to any nucleic acid sequencecomprised in a gene (or expressed nucleotide sequence of interest) thatis transcribed but not translated. Introns include untranslated nucleicacid sequence within an expressed sequence of DNA, as well as acorresponding sequence in RNA molecules transcribed therefrom.

A construct described herein may also contain sequences that enhancetranslation and/or mRNA stability such as introns. An example of onesuch intron is the first intron of gene II of the histone H3 variant ofArabidopsis thaliana or any other commonly known intron sequence.Introns may be used in combination with a promoter sequence to enhancetranslation and/or mRNA stability.

As used herein, the terms “5′-untranslated region” or “5′-UTR” refers toan untranslated segment in the 5′ terminus of pre-mRNAs or mature mRNAs.For example, on mature mRNAs, a 5′-UTR typically harbors on its 5′ end a7-methylguanosine cap and is involved in many processes such assplicing, polyadenylation, mRNA export towards the cytoplasm,identification of the 5′ end of the mRNA by the translational machinery,and protection of the mRNAs against degradation.

As used herein, the term “3′-untranslated region” or “3′-UTR” refers toan untranslated segment in a 3′ terminus of the pre-mRNAs or maturemRNAs. For example, on mature mRNAs this region harbors the poly-(A)tail and is known to have many roles in mRNA stability, translationinitiation, and mRNA export.

As used herein, the term “polyadenylation signal” refers to a nucleicacid sequence present in mRNA transcripts that allows for transcripts,when in the presence of a poly-(A) polymerase, to be polyadenylated onthe polyadenylation site, for example, located 10 to 30 bases downstreamof the poly-(A) signal. Many polyadenylation signals are known in theart and are useful for the present invention. An exemplary sequenceincludes AAUAAA and variants thereof, as described in Loke J., et al.,(2005) Plant Physiology 138(3); 1457-1468.

As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to a biological component(including a nucleic acid or protein) that has been separated from otherbiological components in the cell of the organism in which the componentnaturally occurs (i.e., other chromosomal and extra-chromosomal DNA).

As used herein, the term “purified” in reference to nucleic acidmolecules does not require absolute purity (such as a homogeneouspreparation). Instead, “purified” represents an indication that thesequence is relatively more pure than in its native cellularenvironment. For example, the “purified” level of nucleic acids shouldbe at least 2-5 fold greater in terms of concentration or geneexpression levels as compared to its natural level.

The claimed DNA molecules may be obtained directly from total DNA orfrom total RNA. In addition, cDNA clones are not naturally occurring,but rather are preferably obtained via manipulation of a partiallypurified, naturally occurring substance (messenger RNA). Theconstruction of a cDNA library from mRNA involves the creation of asynthetic substance (cDNA). Individual cDNA clones may be purified fromthe synthetic library by clonal selection of the cells carrying the cDNAlibrary. Thus, the process which includes the construction of a cDNAlibrary from mRNA and purification of distinct cDNA clones yields anapproximately 10⁶-fold purification of the native message. Likewise, apromoter DNA sequence may be cloned into a plasmid. Such a clone is notnaturally occurring, but rather is preferably obtained via manipulationof a partially purified, naturally occurring substance, such as agenomic DNA library. Thus, purification of at least one order ofmagnitude, preferably two or three orders, and more preferably four orfive orders of magnitude, is favored in these techniques.

Similarly, purification represents an indication that a chemical orfunctional change in the component DNA sequence has occurred. Nucleicacid molecules and proteins that have been “purified” include nucleicacid molecules and proteins purified by standard purification methods.The term “purified” also embraces nucleic acids and proteins prepared byrecombinant DNA methods in a host cell (e.g., plant cells), as well aschemically-synthesized nucleic acid molecules, proteins, and peptides.

The term “recombinant” means a cell or organism in which geneticrecombination has occurred. It also includes a molecule (e.g., a vector,plasmid, nucleic acid, polypeptide, or a small RNA) that has beenartificially or synthetically (i.e., non-naturally) altered by humanintervention. The alteration may be performed on the molecule within, orremoved from, its natural environment or state.

As used herein, the term “expression” refers to the process by which apolynucleotide is transcribed into mRNA (including small RNA molecules)and/or the process by which the transcribed mRNA (also referred to as“transcript”) is subsequently translated into peptides, polypeptides, orproteins. Gene expression may be influenced by external signals, forexample, exposure of a cell, tissue, or organism to an agent thatincreases or decreases gene expression. Expression of a gene may also beregulated anywhere in the pathway from DNA to RNA to protein. Regulationof gene expression occurs, for example, through controls acting ontranscription, translation, RNA transport and processing, degradation ofintermediary molecules, such as mRNA, or through activation,inactivation, compartmentalization, or degradation of specific proteinmolecules after they have been made, or by combinations thereof. Geneexpression may be measured at the RNA level or the protein level by anymethod known in the art, including, without limitation, Northern blot,RT-PCR, Western blot, or in vitro, in situ, or in vivo protein activityassay(s).

As used herein, the terms “homology-based gene silencing” or “HBGS” aregeneric terms that include both transcriptional gene silencing andpost-transcriptional gene silencing. Silencing of a target locus by anunlinked silencing locus may result from transcription inhibition (e.g.,transcriptional gene silencing; TGS) or mRNA degradation (e.g.,post-transcriptional gene silencing; PTGS), owing to the production ofdouble-stranded RNA (dsRNA) corresponding to promoter or transcribedsequences, respectively. Involvement of distinct cellular components ineach process suggests that dsRNA-induced TGS and PTGS likely result fromthe diversification of an ancient common mechanism. However, a strictcomparison of TGS and PTGS has been difficult to achieve, because itgenerally relies on the analysis of distinct silencing loci. A singletransgene locus may be described to trigger both TGS and PTGS, owing tothe production of dsRNA corresponding to promoter and transcribedsequences of different target genes.

As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid molecule,” “nucleic acid,” or“polynucleotide” (all three terms being synonymous with one another)refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides, which may include both senseand anti-sense strands of RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic forms,and mixed polymers thereof. A “nucleotide” may refer to aribonucleotide, deoxyribonucleotide, or a modified form of either typeof nucleotide. A nucleic acid molecule is usually at least ten bases inlength, unless otherwise specified. The terms may refer to a molecule ofRNA or DNA of indeterminate length. The terms include single- anddouble-stranded forms of DNA. A nucleic acid molecule may include eitheror both naturally-occurring and modified nucleotides linked together bynaturally occurring and/or non-naturally occurring nucleotide linkages.

Nucleic acid molecules may be modified chemically or biochemically, ormay contain non-natural or derivatized nucleotide bases, as will bereadily appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. Suchmodifications include, for example, labels, methylation, substitution ofone or more of the naturally-occurring nucleotides with an analog,internucleotide modifications (e.g., uncharged linkages, such as, methylphosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoramidates, carbamates, etc.;charged linkages, such as, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, etc.;pendent moieties, such as, peptides; intercalators, such as, acridine,psoralen, etc.; chelators; alkylators; and modified linkages, such as,alpha anomeric nucleic acids, etc.). The term “nucleic acid molecule”also includes any topological conformation, including single-stranded,double-stranded, partially duplexed, triplexed, hairpinned, circular,and padlocked conformations.

Transcription proceeds in a 5′ to 3′ manner along a DNA strand. Thismeans that RNA is made by sequential addition ofribonucleotide-5′-triphosphates to the 3′ terminus of the growing chainwith a requisite elimination of the pyrophosphate. In either a linear orcircular nucleic acid molecule, discrete elements (e.g., particularnucleotide sequences) may be referred to as being “upstream” relative toa further element if they are bonded or would be bonded to the samenucleic acid in the 5′ direction from that element. Similarly, discreteelements may be referred to as being “downstream” relative to a furtherelement if they are or would be bonded to the same nucleic acid in the3′ direction from that element.

As used herein, the term “base position” refers to the location of agiven base or nucleotide residue within a designated nucleic acid. Adesignated nucleic acid may be defined by alignment with a referencenucleic acid.

As used herein, the term “hybridization” refers to a process whereoligonucleotides and their analogs hybridize by hydrogen bonding, whichincludes Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen, or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogenbonding, between complementary bases. Generally, nucleic acid moleculesconsist of nitrogenous bases that are either pyrimidines, such ascytosine (C), uracil (U), and thymine (T), or purines, such as adenine(A) and guanine (G). Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds between apyrimidine and a purine, and bonding of a pyrimidine to a purine isreferred to as “base pairing.” More specifically, A will form a specifichydrogen bond to T or U, and G will specifically bond to C.“Complementary” refers to the base pairing that occurs between twodistinct nucleic acid sequences or two distinct regions of the samenucleic acid sequence.

As used herein, the terms “specifically hybridizable” and “specificallycomplementary” refer to a sufficient degree of complementarity such thatstable and specific binding occurs between an oligonucleotide and a DNAor RNA target. Oligonucleotides need not be 100% complementary to thetarget sequence to specifically hybridize. An oligonucleotide isspecifically hybridizable when binding of the oligonucleotide to thetarget DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of thetarget DNA or RNA, and there is sufficient degree of complementarity toavoid non-specific binding of an oligonucleotide to non-target sequencesunder conditions where specific binding is desired, for example, underphysiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or systems. Suchbinding is referred to as specific hybridization. Hybridizationconditions resulting in particular degrees of stringency will varydepending upon the nature of the chosen hybridization method and thecomposition and length of the hybridizing nucleic acid sequences.Generally, the temperature of hybridization and the ionic strength(especially Na⁺ and/or Mg²⁺ concentration) of a hybridization bufferwill contribute to the stringency of hybridization, though wash timesalso influence stringency. Calculations regarding hybridizationconditions required for attaining particular degrees of stringency arediscussed in Sambrook et al. (ed.), Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual, 2nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ColdSpring Harbor, N.Y., 1989.

As used herein, the term “stringent conditions” encompasses conditionsunder which hybridization will only occur if there is less than 50%mismatch between the hybridization molecule and the DNA target.“Stringent conditions” include further particular levels of stringency.Thus, as used herein, “moderate stringency” conditions are those underwhich molecules with more than 50% sequence mismatch will not hybridize;conditions of “high stringency” are those under which sequences withmore than 20% mismatch will not hybridize; and conditions of “very highstringency” are those under which sequences with more than 10% mismatchwill not hybridize.

In particular embodiments, stringent conditions can includehybridization at 65° C., followed by washes at 65° C. with 0.1×SSC/0.1%SDS for 40 minutes. The following are representative, non-limitinghybridization conditions:

Very High Stringency: Hybridization in 5×SSC buffer at 65° C. for 16hours; wash twice in 2×SSC buffer at room temperature for 15 minuteseach; and wash twice in 0.5×SSC buffer at 65° C. for 20 minutes each.

High Stringency: Hybridization in 5-6×SSC buffer at 65-70° C. for 16-20hours; wash twice in 2×SSC buffer at room temperature for 5-20 minuteseach; and wash twice in 1×SSC buffer at 55-70° C. for 30 minutes each.

Moderate Stringency: Hybridization in 6×SSC buffer at room temperatureto 55° C. for 16-20 hours; wash at least twice in 2-3×SSC buffer at roomtemperature to 55° C. for 20-30 minutes each.

In an embodiment, specifically hybridizable nucleic acid molecules mayremain bound under very high stringency hybridization conditions. In anembodiment, specifically hybridizable nucleic acid molecules may remainbound under high stringency hybridization conditions. In an embodiment,specifically hybridizable nucleic acid molecules may remain bound undermoderate stringency hybridization conditions.

As used herein, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to a short nucleicacid polymer. Oligonucleotides may be formed by cleavage of longernucleic acid segments or by polymerizing individual nucleotideprecursors. Automated synthesizers allow the synthesis ofoligonucleotides up to several hundred base pairs in length. Becauseoligonucleotides may bind to a complementary nucleotide sequence, theymay be used as probes for detecting DNA or RNA. Oligonucleotidescomposed of DNA (oligodeoxyribonucleotides) may be used in PolymeraseChain Reaction, a technique for the amplification of small DNAsequences. In Polymerase Chain Reaction, an oligonucleotide is typicallyreferred to as a “primer” which allows a DNA polymerase to extend theoligonucleotide and replicate the complementary strand.

As used herein, the terms “Polymerase Chain Reaction” or “PCR” refer toa procedure or technique in which minute amounts of nucleic acid, RNA,and/or DNA, are amplified as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195.Generally, sequence information from the ends of the region of interestor beyond needs to be available, such that oligonucleotide primers maybe designed. PCR primers will be identical or similar in sequence toopposite strands of the nucleic acid template to be amplified. The 5′terminal nucleotides of the two primers may coincide with the ends ofthe amplified material. PCR may be used to amplify specific RNAsequences or DNA sequences from total genomic DNA and cDNA transcribedfrom total cellular RNA, bacteriophage, or plasmid sequences, etc. Seegenerally Mullis et al., Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 51:263(1987); Erlich, ed., PCR Technology, (Stockton Press, NY, 1989).

As used herein, the term “primer” refers to an oligonucleotide capableof acting as a point of initiation of synthesis along a complementarystrand when conditions are suitable for synthesis of a primer extensionproduct. The synthesizing conditions include the presence of fourdifferent deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (i.e., A, T, G, and C) andat least one polymerization-inducing agent or enzyme such as ReverseTranscriptase or DNA polymerase. These reagents are typically present ina suitable buffer that may include constituents which are co-factors orwhich affect conditions, such as pH and the like at various suitabletemperatures. A primer is preferably a single strand sequence, such thatamplification efficiency is optimized, but double stranded sequences maybe utilized.

As used herein, the term “probe” refers to an oligonucleotide orpolynucleotide sequence that hybridizes to a target sequence. In theTaqMan® or TaqMan®-style assay procedure, the probe hybridizes to aportion of the target situated between the annealing site of the twoprimers. A probe includes about eight nucleotides, about tennucleotides, about fifteen nucleotides, about twenty nucleotides, aboutthirty nucleotides, about forty nucleotides, or about fifty nucleotides.In some embodiments, a probe includes from about eight nucleotides toabout fifteen nucleotides.

In the Southern blot assay procedure, the probe hybridizes to a DNAfragment that is attached to a membrane. A probe includes about tennucleotides, about 100 nucleotides, about 250 nucleotides, about 500nucleotides, about 1,000 nucleotides, about 2,500 nucleotides, or about5,000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a probe includes from about 500nucleotides to about 2,500 nucleotides.

A probe may further include a detectable label, such as, a radioactivelabel, a biotinylated label, a fluorophore (e.g., Texas-Red®,fluorescein isothiocyanate, etc.). The detectable label may becovalently attached directly to the probe oligonucleotide, such that thelabel is located at the 5′ end or 3′ end of the probe. A probecomprising a fluorophore may also further include a quencher dye (e.g.,Black Hole Quencher™, Iowa Black™, etc.).

As used herein, the terms “sequence identity” or “identity” may be usedinterchangeably and refer to nucleic acid residues in two sequences thatare the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specifiedcomparison window.

As used herein, the term “percentage of sequence identity” or“percentage of sequence homology” refers to a value determined bycomparing two optimally aligned sequences (e.g., nucleic acid sequencesor amino acid sequences) over a comparison window, wherein the portionof a sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions,substitutions, mismatches, and/or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared toa reference sequence in order to obtain optimal alignment of the twosequences. A percentage is calculated by determining the number ofpositions at which an identical nucleic acid or amino acid residueoccurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions,dividing the number of matched positions by the total number ofpositions in the comparison window, and multiplying the result by 100 toyield the percentage of sequence identity. Methods for aligningsequences for comparison are well known. Various bioinformatics orcomputer programs and alignment algorithms, such as ClustalW andSequencher, are also well known in the art and/or described in, forexample: Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2:482; Needleman andWunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48:443; Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85:2444; Higgins and Sharp (1988) Gene73:237-44; Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS 5:151-3; Corpet et al. (1988)Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10881-90; Huang et al. (1992) Comp. Appl. Biosci.8:155-65; Pearson et al. (1994) Methods Mol. Biol. 24:307-31; Tatiana etal. (1999) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 174:247-50.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic LocalAlignment Search Tool (BLAST™; Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol.215:403-10) is available from several sources, including the NationalCenter for Biotechnology Information (Bethesda, Md.), and on theinternet, for use in connection with several sequence analysis programs.A description of how to determine sequence identity using this programis available on the internet under the “help” section for BLAST™. Forcomparisons of nucleic acid sequences, the “Blast 2 sequences” functionof the BLAST™ (Blastn) program may be employed using the defaultparameters. Nucleic acid sequences with even greater similarity to thereference sequences will show increasing percentage identity whenassessed by this method.

As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to a nucleic acidplaced into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid.Generally, “operably linked” may mean that linked nucleic acids arecontiguous. Linking may be accomplished by ligation at convenientrestriction sites. If such sites do not exist, synthetic oligonucleotideadaptors or linkers are ligated or annealed to the nucleic acid and usedto link the contiguous polynucleotide fragment. However, elements neednot be contiguous to be operably linked.

As used herein, the term “promoter” refers to a region of DNA that isgenerally located upstream of a gene (i.e., towards the 5′ end of agene) and is necessary to initiate and drive transcription of the gene.A promoter may permit proper activation or repression of a gene that itcontrols. A promoter may contain specific sequences that are recognizedby transcription factors. These factors may bind to a promoter DNAsequence, which results in the recruitment of RNA polymerase, an enzymethat synthesizes RNA from the coding region of the gene. The promotergenerally refers to all gene regulatory elements located upstream of thegene, including, 5′-UTR, introns, and leader sequences.

As used herein, the term “upstream-promoter” refers to a contiguouspolynucleotide sequence that is sufficient to direct initiation oftranscription. As used herein, an upstream-promoter encompasses the siteof initiation of transcription with several sequence motifs, whichinclude a TATA Box, initiator (Intr) sequence, TFIIB recognitionelements (BRE), and other promoter motifs (Jennifer, E. F. et al, (2002)Genes & Dev., 16: 2583-2592). The upstream-promoter provides the site ofaction to RNA polymerase II, a multi-subunit enzyme with the basal orgeneral transcription factors like, TFIIA, B, D, E, F, and H. Thesefactors assemble into a transcription pre-initiation complex (PIC) thatcatalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.

The activation of the upstream-promoter is performed by the addition ofregulatory DNA sequence elements to which various proteins bind andsubsequently interact with the transcription initiation complex toactivate gene expression. These gene regulatory element sequencesinteract with specific DNA-binding factors. These sequence motifs maysometimes be referred to as cis-elements. Such cis-elements, to whichtissue-specific or development-specific transcription factors bind,individually or in combination, may determine the spatiotemporalexpression pattern of a promoter at the transcriptional level. Thesecis-elements vary widely in the type of control they exert on operablylinked genes. Some elements act to increase the transcription ofoperably-linked genes in response to environmental responses (e.g.,temperature, moisture, and wounding). Other cis-elements may respond todevelopmental cues (e.g., germination, seed maturation, and flowering)or to spatial information (e.g., tissue specificity). See, for example,Langridge et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3219-23. Thesecis-elements are located at a varying distance from the transcriptionstart point. Some cis-elements (called proximal elements) are adjacentto a minimal core promoter region, while other elements may bepositioned several kilobases 5′ upstream or 3′ downstream of thepromoter (enhancers).

As used herein, the term “transformation” encompasses all techniques inwhich a nucleic acid molecule may be introduced into a cell. Examplesinclude, but are not limited to: transfection with viral vectors;transformation with plasmid vectors; electroporation; lipofection;microinjection (Mueller et al. (1978) Cell 15:579-85);Agrobacterium-mediated transfer; direct DNA uptake; WHISKERS™-mediatedtransformation; and microprojectile bombardment. These techniques may beused for both stable transformation and transient transformation of aplant cell. “Stable transformation” refers to the introduction of anucleic acid fragment into a genome of a host organism resulting ingenetically stable inheritance. Once stably transformed, the nucleicacid fragment is stably integrated in the genome of the host organismand any subsequent generation. Host organisms containing the transformednucleic acid fragments are referred to as “transgenic” organisms.“Transient transformation” refers to the introduction of a nucleic acidfragment into the nucleus or DNA-containing organelle of a hostorganism, resulting in gene expression without genetically stableinheritance.

As used herein, the term “transduce” refers to a process where a virustransfers nucleic acid into a cell.

As used herein, the term “transgene” refers to an exogenous nucleic acidsequence. In one example, a transgene is a gene sequence (e.g., anherbicide-resistance gene), a gene encoding an industrially orpharmaceutically useful compound, or a gene encoding a desirableagricultural trait. In yet another example, a transgene is an antisensenucleic acid sequence, wherein expression of the antisense nucleic acidsequence inhibits expression of a target nucleic acid sequence. Atransgene may contain regulatory sequences operably linked to thetransgene (e.g., a promoter, intron, 5′-UTR, or 3′-UTR). In someembodiments, a nucleic acid of interest is a transgene. However, inother embodiments, a nucleic acid of interest is an endogenous nucleicacid, wherein additional genomic copies of the endogenous nucleic acidare desired, or a nucleic acid that is in the antisense orientation withrespect to the sequence of a target nucleic acid in a host organism.

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a nucleic acid molecule asintroduced into a cell, thereby producing a transformed cell. A vectormay include nucleic acid sequences that permit it to replicate in thehost cell, such as an origin of replication. Examples include, but arenot limited to, a plasmid, cosmid, bacteriophage, bacterial artificialchromosome (BAC), or virus that carries exogenous DNA into a cell. Avector may also include one or more genes, antisense molecules,selectable marker genes, and other genetic elements known in the art. Avector may transduce, transform, or infect a cell, thereby causing thecell to express the nucleic acid molecules and/or proteins encoded bythe vector. A vector may optionally include materials to aid inachieving entry of the nucleic acid molecule into the cell (e.g., aliposome).

As used herein, the terms “cassette,” “expression cassette,” and “geneexpression cassette” refer to a segment of DNA that may be inserted intoa nucleic acid or polynucleotide at specific restriction sites or byhomologous recombination. A segment of DNA comprises a polynucleotidecontaining a gene of interest that encodes a small RNA or a polypeptideof interest, and the cassette and restriction sites are designed toensure insertion of the cassette in the proper reading frame fortranscription and translation. In an embodiment, an expression cassettemay include a polynucleotide that encodes a small RNA or a polypeptideof interest and may have elements in addition to the polynucleotide thatfacilitate transformation of a particular host cell. In an embodiment, agene expression cassette may also include elements that allow forenhanced expression of a small RNA or a polynucleotide encoding apolypeptide of interest in a host cell. These elements may include, butare not limited to: a promoter, a minimal promoter, an enhancer, aresponse element, an intron, a 5′-UTR, a 3′-UTR, a terminator sequence,a polyadenylation sequence, and the like.

As used herein, the term “heterologous coding sequence” is used toindicate any polynucleotide that codes for, or ultimately codes for, apeptide or protein or its equivalent amino acid sequence, e.g., anenzyme, that is not normally present in the host organism and may beexpressed in the host cell under proper conditions. As such,“heterologous coding sequences” may include one or additional copies ofcoding sequences that are not normally present in the host cell, suchthat the cell is expressing additional copies of a coding sequence thatare not normally present in the cells. The heterologous coding sequencesmay be RNA or any type thereof (e.g., mRNA), DNA or any type thereof(e.g., cDNA), or a hybrid of RNA/DNA. Examples of coding sequencesinclude, but are not limited to, full-length transcription units thatcomprise such features as the coding sequence, introns, promoterregions, 5′-UTR, 3′-UTR, and enhancer regions.

“Heterologous coding sequences” also include the coding portion of thepeptide or enzyme (i.e., the cDNA or mRNA sequence), the coding portionof the full-length transcriptional unit (i.e., the gene comprisingintrons and exons), “codon optimized” sequences, truncated sequences orother forms of altered sequences that code for the enzyme or code forits equivalent amino acid sequence, provided that the equivalent aminoacid sequence produces a functional protein. Such equivalent amino acidsequences may have a deletion of one or more amino acids, with thedeletion being N-terminal, C-terminal, or internal. Truncated forms areenvisioned as long as they have the catalytic capability indicatedherein.

As used herein, the term “control” refers to a sample used in ananalytical procedure for comparison purposes. A control can be“positive” or “negative”. For example, where the purpose of ananalytical procedure is to detect a differentially expressed transcriptor polypeptide in cells or tissue, it is generally preferable to includea positive control, such as a sample from a known plant exhibiting thedesired expression, and a negative control, such as a sample from aknown plant lacking the desired expression.

As used herein, the term “plant” includes plants and plant partsincluding, but not limited to, plant cells and plant tissues, such asleaves, calli, stems, roots, flowers, pollen, and seeds. A class ofplants that may be used in the present invention is generally as broadas the class of higher and lower plants amenable to mutagenesisincluding angiosperms, gymnosperms, ferns, and multicellular algae.Thus, “plant” includes dicot and monocot plants. Examples ofdicotyledonous plants include tobacco, Arabidopsis, soybean, tomato,papaya, canola, sunflower, cotton, alfalfa, potato, grapevine, pigeonpea, pea, Brassica, chickpea, sugar beet, rapeseed, watermelon, melon,pepper, peanut, pumpkin, radish, spinach, squash, broccoli, cabbage,carrot, cauliflower, celery, Chinese cabbage, cucumber, eggplant, andlettuce. Examples of monocotyledonous plants include corn, rice, wheat,sugarcane, barley, rye, sorghum, orchids, bamboo, banana, cattails,lilies, oat, onion, millet, and triticale.

As used herein, the term “plant material” refers to leaves, calli,stems, roots, flowers or flower parts, fruits, pollen, egg cells,zygotes, seeds, cuttings, cell or tissue cultures, or any other part orproduct of a plant. In an embodiment, plant material includes cotyledonand leaf. In an embodiment, plant material includes root tissues andother plant tissues located underground.

As used herein, the term “selectable marker gene” refers to a gene thatis optionally used in plant transformation to, for example, protectplant cells from a selective agent or provide resistance/tolerance to aselective agent. In addition, “selectable marker gene” is meant toencompass reporter genes. Only those cells or plants that receive afunctional selectable marker are capable of dividing or growing underconditions having a selective agent. Examples of selective agents mayinclude, for example, antibiotics, including spectinomycin, neomycin,kanamycin, paromomycin, gentamicin, and hygromycin. These selectablemarkers include neomycin phosphotransferase (npt II), which expresses anenzyme conferring resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin, and genes forthe related antibiotics neomycin, paromomycin, gentamicin, and G418, orthe gene for hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt), which expresses anenzyme conferring resistance to hygromycin. Other selectable markergenes may include genes encoding herbicide resistance including bar orpat (resistance against glufosinate ammonium or phosphinothricin),acetolactate synthase (ALS, resistance against inhibitors such assulfonylureas (SUs), imidazolinones (IMIs), triazolopyrimidines (TPs),pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates (POBs), and sulfonylamino carbonyltriazolinones that prevent the first step in the synthesis of thebranched-chain amino acids), glyphosate, 2,4-D, and metal resistance orsensitivity. Examples of “reporter genes” that may be used as aselectable marker gene include the visual observation of expressedreporter gene proteins, such as proteins encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS),luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), yellow fluorescent protein(YFP), DsRed, β-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT),alkaline phosphatase, and the like. The phrase “marker-positive” refersto plants that have been transformed to include a selectable markergene.

As used herein, the term “detectable marker” refers to a label capableof detection, such as, for example, a radioisotope, fluorescentcompound, bioluminescent compound, a chemiluminescent compound, metalchelator, or enzyme. Examples of detectable markers include, but are notlimited to, the following: fluorescent labels (e.g., FITC, rhodamine,lanthanide phosphors), enzymatic labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase,β-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase), chemiluminescent,biotinyl groups, predetermined polypeptide epitopes recognized by asecondary reporter (e.g., leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sitesfor secondary antibodies, metal binding domains, epitope tags). In anembodiment, a detectable marker may be attached by spacer arms ofvarious lengths to reduce potential steric hindrance.

As used herein, the term “detecting” is used in the broadest sense toinclude both qualitative and quantitative measurements of a specificmolecule, for example, measurements of a specific polypeptide.

Unless otherwise specifically explained, all technical and scientificterms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by thoseof ordinary skill in the art that this disclosure belongs. Definitionsof common terms in molecular biology maybe found in, for example: Lewin,Genes V, Oxford University Press, 1994; Kendrew et al. (eds.), TheEncyclopedia of Molecular Biology, Blackwell Science Ltd., 1994; andMeyers (ed.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive DeskReference, VCH Publishers, Inc., 1995.

Promoters as Gene Expression Regulatory Elements

Plant promoters used for basic research or biotechnological applicationsare generally unidirectional, directing the constitutive expression of atransgene that has been fused to its 3′ end (downstream). It is oftennecessary to robustly express transgenes within plants for metabolicengineering and trait stacking. In addition, multiple novel promotersare typically required in transgenic crops to drive the expression ofmultiple genes. Disclosed herein is a constitutive promoter that candirect the expression of a transgene that has been fused at its 3′ end.

Development of transgenic products is becoming increasingly complex,which requires robustly expressing transgenes and stacking multipletransgenes into a single locus. Traditionally, each transgene requires aunique promoter for expression wherein multiple promoters are requiredto express different transgenes within one gene stack. With anincreasing size of gene stacks, this method frequently leads to repeateduse of the same promoter to obtain similar levels of expression patternsof different transgenes for expression of a single polygenic trait.

Multi-gene constructs driven by the same promoter are known to causegene silencing resulting in less efficacious transgenic products in thefield. Excess of transcription factor (TF)-binding sites due to promoterrepetition can cause depletion of endogenous TFs leading totranscriptional inactivation. The silencing of transgenes is likely toundesirably affect performance of a transgenic plant produced to expresstransgenes. Repetitive sequences within a transgene may lead to geneintra locus homologous recombination resulting in polynucleotiderearrangements.

In addition to constitutive promoters, tissue-specific, ororgan-specific promoters drive gene expression in certain tissues suchas in the kernel, root, leaf, callus, pollen, or tapetum of the plant.Tissue and developmental-stage specific promoters drive the expressionof genes, which are expressed in particular tissues or at particulartime periods during plant development. Tissue-specific promoters arerequired for certain applications in the transgenic plant industry andare desirable as they permit specific expression of heterologous genesin a tissue and/or in a selected developmental stages, indicatingexpression of the heterologous gene differentially in various organs,tissues, and/or at different times, but not others.

For example, increased resistance of a plant to infection by soil-bornepathogens might be accomplished by transforming the plant genome with apathogen-resistance gene such that a pathogen-resistance protein isrobustly expressed within the plant. Alternatively, it may be desirableto express a transgene in plant tissues that are in a particular growthor developmental phase such as, for example, cell division orelongation. Another application is the desirability of usingtissue-specific promoters, such that the promoters would confine theexpression of the transgenes encoding an agronomic trait in developingplant parts (i.e., roots, leaves, calli, or pollen).

The promoters described herein are promising tools for making commercialtransgene constructs containing multiple genes. These promoters alsoprovide structural stability in bacterial hosts and functional stabilityin plant cells, such as reducing transgene silencing, to enabletransgene expression. Promoters with varying expression ranges may alsobe obtained by employing the methods described herein. Compared totransgene constructs using a single promoter multiple times, thediversified promoter constructs described in this application are morecompatible for downstream molecular analyses of transgenic events. Useof the diversified promoters described herein may also alleviaterearrangements in transgenic multigene loci during targeting with zincfinger technology (SHUKLA et al. 2009).

Zea Mays and Zea Luxurians Ubiquitin-1 Promoters

The Zea mays Ubi-1 promoter has been a biotech industry standard,predominantly used for stable, high transgenic expression in maize(CHRISTENSEN and QUAIL 1996; CHRISTENSEN et al. 1992; TOKI et al. 1992).Each transgene usually requires a specific promoter for sufficientexpression. Multiple promoters are typically required to expressdifferent transgenes within one gene stack. This paradigm frequentlyleads to the repetitive use of the Z. mays Ubi-1 promoter due to itsdesired high levels of protein expression and constitutive expressionpattern.

However, the deliberate introduction of repetitive sequences into atransgenic locus can also lead to undesirable negative effects ontransgene expression and stability (FLADUNG and KUMAR 2002; KUMAR andFLADUNG 2000a; KUMAR and FLADUNG 2000b; KUMAR and FLADUNG 2001a; KUMARand FLADUNG 2001b; KUMAR and FLADUNG 2002; METTE et al. 1999; MOURRAINet al. 2007). The challenge of multiple coordinated transgene expressionmay be addressed using a promoter diversity approach, where differentpromoters are used to drive different transgenes with the sameexpression profile (PEREMARTI et al. 2010). This application describes adiversified Ubi-1 promoter sequence obtained by identifying andpurifying the novel promoter from different Zea species.

Transcription initiation and modulation of gene expression in plantgenes is directed by a variety of DNA sequence elements collectivelyarranged in a larger sequence called a promoter. Eukaryotic promoterstypically consist of a minimal core promoter and upstream regulatorysequences. The core promoter is a minimal stretch of contiguous DNAsequence that is sufficient to direct accurate initiation oftranscription. Core promoters in plants generally comprise canonicalregions associated with the initiation of transcription, such as CAATand TATA boxes (consensus sequence TATAWAW). The TATA box element isusually located approximately 20 to 35 base pairs (bp) upstream of thetranscription start site (TSS). The activation of the core promoter isaccomplished by upstream regulatory sequences to which various proteinsbind and subsequently interact with the transcription initiation complexto activate gene expression. These regulatory elements comprise DNAsequences which determine the spatio-temporal expression pattern of apromoter.

Referring to FIG. 1, the Z. mays Ubi-1 gene promoter is derived from theZ. mays inbred cell line B73. The Z. mays Ubi-1 promoter is comprised ofapproximately 895 bp of DNA sequence located 5′ upstream of the TSS(i.e., the Upstream Element). In addition, the Z. mays Ubi-1 promoter iscomprised of about 1093 bp of DNA sequence located 3′ downstream of theTSS (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,474). Thus, the Z. mays Ubi-1 promoter iscomprised of approximately 2 Kilo base pairs (kb) of total DNA sequence.

The Upstream Element of the Z. mays Ubi-1 promoter comprises a TATA boxlocated approximately 30 bp 5′ upstream of the TSS (FIGS. 1 and 3). Inaddition, the Upstream Element comprises two overlapping heat shockconsensus elements located immediately 5′ upstream of the TSS. An 82 bp5′-UTR or leader sequence is located immediately 3′ downstream of theTSS and is followed by an intron that extends from base 83 to 1093(FIGS. 1 and 3).

Previous work has described increased gene expression of genes and/ortransgenes regulated by the Z. mays Ubi-1 promoter. For example, thetranscription fusion of the Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase (CAT) geneto the Z. mays Ubi-1 promoter yielded more than 10-fold higher level ofCAT activity in maize protoplasts than expression driven by theCauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter (CHRISTENSEN and QUAIL 1996;CHRISTENSEN et al. 1992).

In addition to the control Z. mays Ubi-1 promoter, this applicationdescribes a novel maize Ubi-1 promoter. Unlike the control Ubi-1promoter derived from Z. mays genotype c.v. B73, the novel Ubi-1promoter was derived from a different Zea species, Zea luxurians. The Z.luxurians Ubi-1 promoter used herein had the version 1 (v1) genotype.Provided are constructs and methods using a Z. mays or Z. luxuriansUbi-1 promoter comprising a polynucleotide sequence. In an embodiment, apromoter may comprise a polynucleotide sequence from Z. mays c.v. B73Ubi-1 gene as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) GTGCAGCGTGACCCGGTCGTGCCCCTCTCTAGAGATAATGAGCATTGCATGTCTAAGTTATAAAAAATTACCACATATTTTTTTTGTCACACTTGTTTGAAGTGCAGTTTATCTATCTTTATACATATATTTAAACTTTACTCTACGAATAATATAATCTATAGTACTACAATAATATCAGTGTTTTAGAGAATCATATAAATGAACAGTTAGACATGGTCTAAAGGACAATTGAGTATTTTGACAACAGGACTCTACAGTTTTATCTTTTTAGTGTGCATGTGTTCTCCTTTTTTTTTGCAAATAGCTTCACCTATATAATACTTCATCCATTTTATTAGTACATCCATTTAGGGTTTAGGGTTAATGGTTTTTATAGACTAATTTTTTTAGTACATCTATTTTATTCTATTTTAGCCTCTAAATTAAGAAAACTAAAACTCTATTTTAGTTTTTTTATTTAATAGTTTAGATATAAAATAGAATAAAATAAAGTGACTAAAAATTAAACAAATACCCTTTAAGAAATTAAAAAAACTAAGGAAACATTTTTCTTGTTTCGAGTAGATAATGCCAGCCTGTTAAACGCCGTCGACGAGTCTAACGGACACCAACCAGCGAACCAGCAGCGTCGCGTCGGGCCAAGCGAAGCAGACGGCACGGCATCTCTGTCGCTGCCTCTGGACCCCTCTCGAGAGTTCCGCTCCACCGTTGGACTTGCTCCGCTGTCGGCATCCAGAAATTGCGTGGCGGAGCGGCAGACGTGAGCCGGCACGGCAGGCGGCCTCCTCCTCCTCTCACGGCACCGGCAGCTACGGGGGATTCCTTTCCCACCGCTCCTTCGCTTTCCCTTCCTCGCCCGCCGTAATAAATAGACACCCCCTCCACACCCTCTTTCCCCAACCTCGTGTTGTTCGGAGCGCACACACACACAACCAGATCTCCCCCAAATCCACCCGTCGGCACCTCCGCTTCAAGGTACGCCGCTCGTCCTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCTCTACCTTCTCTAGATCGGCGTTCCGGTCCATGCATGGTTAGGGCCCGGTAGTTCTACTTCTGTTCATGTTTGTGTTAGATCCGTGTTTGTGTTAGATCCGTGCTGCTAGCGTTCGTACACGGATGCGACCTGTACGTCAGACACGTTCTGATTGCTAACTTGCCAGTGTTTCTCTTTGGGGAATCCTGGGATGGCTCTAGCCGTTCCGCAGACGGGATCGATTTCATGATTTTTTTTGTTTCGTTGCATAGGGTTTGGTTTGCCCTTTTCCTTTATTTCAATATATGCCGTGCACTTGTTTGTCGGGTCATCTTTTCATGCTTTTTTTTGTCTTGGTTGTGATGATGTGGTCTGGTTGGGCGGTCGTTCTAGATCGGAGTAGAATTCTGTTTCAAACTACCTGGTGGATTTATTAATTTTGGATCTGTATGTGTGTGCCATACATATTCATAGTTACGAATTGAAGATGATGGATGGAAATATCGATCTAGGATAGGTATACATGTTGATGCGGGTTTTACTGATGCATATACAGAGATGCTTTTTGTTCGCTTGGTTGTGATGATGTGGTGTGGTTGGGCGGTCGTTCATTCGTTCTAGATCGGAGTAGAATACTGTTTCAAACTACCTGGTGTATTTATTAATTTTGGAACTGTATGTGTGTGTCATACATCTTCATAGTTACGAGTTTAAGATGGATGGAAATATCGATCTAGGATAGGTATACATGTTGATGTGGGTTTTACTGATGCATATACATGATGGCATATGCAGCATCTATTCATATGCTCTAACCTTGAGTACCTATCTATTATAATAAACAAGTATGTTTTATAATTATTTCGATCTTGATATACTTGGATGATGGCATATGCAGCAGCTATATGTGGATTTTTTTAGCCCTGCCTTCATACGCTATTTATTTGCTTGGTACTGTTTCTTTTGTCGATGCTCACCCTGTTGTTTGGTGTTACTTCTGCA

In another embodiment, a promoter may comprise a polynucleotide sequencefrom Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 gene as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 2) GACCCGGTCGTGCCCCTCTCTAGAGATAAAGAGCATTGCATGTCTAAGGTATCAAAAATTACCACATATTTTTTTGGCACACTTATTTAAAGTGCAGTTTATCTATCTCTATACACATATTTAAACTTCACTTTATAAATAATATAGTTTATAGTACTAAACTAATATCAGTGTTTTAGATAATTATATAAATGAACCGCTAGACATGGTCTAAAGTACAACCGAGTATTTGACAACAGGACTCTACAGTTTTATCTTTTTAGTGTGCATGTGTTCTCTCTGTTTTTTTTTTTCAAATAGCTTGACCTATATAATACTTCATCCATTTTATTAGTACATCCATTAGGGATTCAGGGTTGATGGTTTCTATAGACTAATTTTTTAGTACATCTATTTTATTATTTTTAATTTTTAAATTAAGAAAACTGAAACTCTATTTTAGTTACTACAAATTAAACAAATACCCTTTAAGGAATTAAAAAAACTAAGGAAACATTTTTCTTGTTTCGAGTAGATTATGACAGCCTGTTCAACGCCGTCGACGAGTCTAACGGACACCAACCAGCGAACCAGCAGCGTCGCGTCGGGCCAAGCGAAGCAGACGGCACGGCATCTCTGTCGCTGCCTCTGGACCCCTCTCGAGAGTTCCGCTCCACCGTTGGACTTGCTCCGCTGTCGGCATCCAGAAAGTGCGTGGCGGAGCGGCAGACGTGAGGCGGCCTCCTCCTCCTCTCACGGCACCGGCAGCTACGGGGGATTCCTTTCCCACCGCTCCTTCGCTTTCCCTTCCTCGCCCGCCGTAATAAATAGACACCCCCTCCACACCCTCTTTCCCCAACCTCGTGTTTGTTCGGAGCGCACACACACACAACCAGATCTCCCCCAAATCCACCCGTCGGCACCTCCGCTTCAAGGTACGCCGCTCATCCTCCCCCCCCCTCTCTACCTTCTCTAGATCGGCAATCCGGTCCATGGTTAGGGCCCGATAGTTCTACTTCTGTTCATGTTTGTGTTAGATCCGTGCTGCTAGCGTTCGTACACGGATGCGACCTGTACATCAGACACGTTCTGATTGCTAACTTGCCAGTGTTTCTCTTTGGCGAATCCAGGGATGGCTCTAGCCGTTCCGCAGACGGGTTCGATTTCATGATTTTTTTTGTTTCGTTGCACATAGGGTTTGGTTTGCCCTTTTCCTTTATTTCCTTATATGCTGTACACTCTTTGTCGGGTCATCTTGTCATGCTTCTTTTAATCTTGGTTGTGATGATGTGCTCTGGTTGGGCGGTCGTTCTAGATCGGAGTAGAATACTGTTTCAAGCTACCTGGTGGATTTATTAATTTTGTATCTGTACGTGTGTGCCATACATCTTCATAGTTACGAGTTTAAGATGATGGATGGAAATATCGATCTAGGATAGGTATACATGTTGATGCGGGTTTTACTGATGCATATACAGAGATGCTTTTTTTTCGCTTGGTTGTGATGATGCGGTCTGGTTGGGCGGTCGTTCTAGATCGGAGTAGAATACTGTTTCAAACTACCTGGTGGATTTATTAATTCTGGATCTGTATGTGTGTGCCATACATCTTGATAGTTACGAGTTTAAGATGATGGATGGAAATATCGATCTAGGATAGGTATACATGTCGATGTGGGTTTTACTGATGCATATACATGATGGCATATGCAGCATCTATTCATATGCTCTAACCTTGAGTACCTATCTATTATAATAAACAAGTATGTTTTATAATTATTTTGACCTTGATATACTTGGATGATGGCATATGCAGCAGCTATATGTGGATTTTTTTAGCCTTGCCTTCATACGCTATTTATTTGTTTGGGGCTGTTTCTTTTTGTTGACGCTCACCCTGTTGTTTGGTGTTACTTC TGCAG

The promoters described herein were characterized by cloning andsubsequent DNA sequence homology analysis to identify specific regionsof the promoter (i.e., the upstream-promoter, 5′-UTR, and intronregions). Provided are constructs and methods using a constitutive Z.mays or Z. luxurians Ubi-1 promoter comprising polynucleotide sequencesof an upstream-promoter region, 5-UTR or leader region, and an intron toexpress transgenes in plants. In an embodiment, a promoter may comprisean upstream-promoter polynucleotide sequence from Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1gene as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 3) GTGCAGCGTGACCCGGTCGTGCCCCTCTCTAGAGATAATGAGCATTGCATGTCTAAGTTATAAAAAATTACCACATATTTTTTTTGTCACACTTGTTTGAAGTGCAGTTTATCTATCTTTATACATATATTTAAACTTTACTCTACGAATAATATAATCTATAGTACTACAATAATATCAGTGTTTTAGAGAATCATATAAATGAACAGTTAGACATGGTCTAAAGGACAATTGAGTATTTTGACAACAGGACTCTACAGTTTTATCTTTTTAGTGTGCATGTGTTCTCCTTTTTTTTTGCAAATAGCTTCACCTATATAATACTTCATCCATTTTATTAGTACATCCATTTAGGGTTTAGGGTTAATGGTTTTTATAGACTAATTTTTTTAGTACATCTATTTTATTCTATTTTAGCCTCTAAATTAAGAAAACTAAAACTCTATTTTAGTTTTTTTATTTAATAGTTTAGATATAAAATAGAATAAAATAAAGTGACTAAAAATTAAACAAATACCCTTTAAGAAATTAAAAAAACTAAGGAAACATTTTTCTTGTTTCGAGTAGATAATGCCAGCCTGTTAAACGCCGTCGACGAGTCTAACGGACACCAACCAGCGAACCAGCAGCGTCGCGTCGGGCCAAGCGAAGCAGACGGCACGGCATCTCTGTCGCTGCCTCTGGACCCCTCTCGAGAGTTCCGCTCCACCGTTGGACTTGCTCCGCTGTCGGCATCCAGAAATTGCGTGGCGGAGCGGCAGACGTGAGCCGGCACGGCAGGCGGCCTCCTCCTCCTCTCACGGCACCGGCAGCTACGGGGGATTCCTTTCCCACCGCTCCTTCGCTTTCCCTTCCTCGCCCGCCGTAATAAATAGACACCCCCTCCACACCCTCTT

In another embodiment, a promoter may comprise an upstream-promoterpolynucleotide sequence from Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 gene as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 4) GACCCGGTCGTGCCCCTCTCTAGAGATAAAGAGCATTGCATGTCTAAGGTATCAAAAATTACCACATATTTTTTTGGCACACTTATTTAAAGTGCAGTTTATCTATCTCTATACACATATTTAAACTTCACTTTATAAATAATATAGTTTATAGTACTAAACTAATATCAGTGTTTTAGATAATTATATAAATGAACCGCTAGACATGGTCTAAAGTACAACCGAGTATTTGACAACAGGACTCTACAGTTTTATCTTTTTAGTGTGCATGTGTTCTCTCTGTTTTTTTTTTTCAAATAGCTTGACCTATATAATACTTCATCCATTTTATTAGTACATCCATTAGGGATTCAGGGTTGATGGTTTCTATAGACTAATTTTTTAGTACATCTATTTTATTATTTTTAATTTTTAAATTAAGAAAACTGAAACTCTATTTTAGTTACTACAAATTAAACAAATACCCTTTAAGGAATTAAAAAAACTAAGGAAACATTTTTCTTGTTTCGAGTAGATTATGACAGCCTGTTCAACGCCGTCGACGAGTCTAACGGACACCAACCAGCGAACCAGCAGCGTCGCGTCGGGCCAAGCGAAGCAGACGGCACGGCATCTCTGTCGCTGCCTCTGGACCCCTCTCGAGAGTTCCGCTCCACCGTTGGACTTGCTCCGCTGTCGGCATCCAGAAAGTGCGTGGCGGAGCGGCAGACGTGAGGCGGCCTCCTCCTCCTCTCACGGCACCGGCAGCTACGGGGGATTCCTTTCCCACCGCTCCTTCGCTTTCCCTTCCTCGCCCGCCGTAATAAATAGACACCCCCTCCACACCCTCTT

Additional Gene Regulatory Elements

Transgene expression may also be regulated by a 5′-UTR and/or intronregion located 3′ downstream of the upstream-promoter sequence. Apromoter comprising an upstream-promoter region operably linked to a5′-UTR and/or intron can regulate transgene expression. While anupstream-promoter is necessary to drive transcription, the presence of a5′-UTR and/or intron can increase expression levels resulting in theproduction of more mRNA transcripts for translation and proteinsynthesis. Addition of a 5′-UTR and/or intron to an upstream-promoterpolynucleotide sequence can aid stable expression of a transgene.

In addition, a constitutive promoter comprising a upstream-promoterpolynucleotide sequence may be followed by a 5-UTR or leader region toaid in the expression of transgenes in plants. In an embodiment, apromoter may comprise a 5′-UTR or leader polynucleotide sequence from Z.mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 gene as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 5) TCCCCAACCTCGTGTTGTTCGGAGCGCACACACACACAACCAGATCTCCCCCAAATCCACCCGTCGGCACCTCCGCTTCAAG

In another embodiment, a promoter may comprise a 5′-UTR or leaderpolynucleotide sequence from Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 gene as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 6) TCCCCAACCTCGTGTTTGTTCGGAGCGCACACACACACAACCAGATCTCCCCCAAATCCACCCGTCGGCACCTCCGCTTCAAG

Further, a constitutive promoter comprising an upstream-promoterpolynucleotide sequence followed by a 5-UTR or leader region may also befollowed by an intron to aid in expression of transgenes in plants. Inan embodiment, a promoter may comprise an intronic polynucleotidesequence from Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 gene as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 7) GTACGCCGCTCGTCCTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCTCTCTACCTTCTCTAGATCGGCGTTCCGGTCCATGCATGGTTAGGGCCCGGTAGTTCTACTTCTGTTCATGTTTGTGTTAGATCCGTGTTTGTGTTAGATCCGTGCTGCTAGCGTTCGTACACGGATGCGACCTGTACGTCAGACACGTTCTGATTGCTAACTTGCCAGTGTTTCTCTTTGGGGAATCCTGGGATGGCTCTAGCCGTTCCGCAGACGGGATCGATTTCATGATTTTTTTTGTTTCGTTGCATAGGGTTTGGTTTGCCCTTTTCCTTTATTTCAATATATGCCGTGCACTTGTTTGTCGGGTCATCTTTTCATGCTTTTTTTTGTCTTGGTTGTGATGATGTGGTCTGGTTGGGCGGTCGTTCTAGATCGGAGTAGAATTCTGTTTCAAACTACCTGGTGGATTTATTAATTTTGGATCTGTATGTGTGTGCCATACATATTCATAGTTACGAATTGAAGATGATGGATGGAAATATCGATCTAGGATAGGTATACATGTTGATGCGGGTTTTACTGATGCATATACAGAGATGCTTTTTGTTCGCTTGGTTGTGATGATGTGGTGTGGTTGGGCGGTCGTTCATTCGTTCTAGATCGGAGTAGAATACTGTTTCAAACTACCTGGTGTATTTATTAATTTTGGAACTGTATGTGTGTGTCATACATCTTCATAGTTACGAGTTTAAGATGGATGGAAATATCGATCTAGGATAGGTATACATGTTGATGTGGGTTTTACTGATGCATATACATGATGGCATATGCAGCATCTATTCATATGCTCTAACCTTGAGTACCTATCTATTATAATAAACAAGTATGTTTTATAATTATTTCGATCTTGATATACTTGGATGATGGCATATGCAGCAGCTATATGTGGATTTTTTTAGCCCTGCCTTCATACGCTATTTATTTGCTTGGTACTGTTTCTTTTGTCGATGCTCACCCTGTTGTTTGGTGTTACTTCTGCA

In another embodiment, a promoter may comprise an intronicpolynucleotide sequence from Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 gene as follows:

(SEQ ID NO: 8) GTACGCCGCTCATCCTCCCCCCCCCTCTCTACCTTCTCTAGATCGGCAATCCGGTCCATGGTTAGGGCCCGATAGTTCTACTTCTGTTCATGTTTGTGTTAGATCCGTGCTGCTAGCGTTCGTACACGGATGCGACCTGTACATCAGACACGTTCTGATTGCTAACTTGCCAGTGTTTCTCTTTGGCGAATCCAGGGATGGCTCTAGCCGTTCCGCAGACGGGTTCGATTTCATGATTTTTTTTGTTTCGTTGCACATAGGGTTTGGTTTGCCCTTTTCCTTTATTTCCTTATATGCTGTACACTCTTTGTCGGGTCATCTTGTCATGCTTCTTTTAATCTTGGTTGTGATGATGTGCTCTGGTTGGGCGGTCGTTCTAGATCGGAGTAGAATACTGTTTCAAGCTACCTGGTGGATTTATTAATTTTGTATCTGTACGTGTGTGCCATACATCTTCATAGTTACGAGTTTAAGATGATGGATGGAAATATCGATCTAGGATAGGTATACATGTTGATGCGGGTTTTACTGATGCATATACAGAGATGCTTTTTTTTCGCTTGGTTGTGATGATGCGGTCTGGTTGGGCGGTCGTTCTAGATCGGAGTAGAATACTGTTTCAAACTACCTGGTGGATTTATTAATTCTGGATCTGTATGTGTGTGCCATACATCTTGATAGTTACGAGTTTAAGATGATGGATGGAAATATCGATCTAGGATAGGTATACATGTCGATGTGGGTTTTACTGATGCATATACATGATGGCATATGCAGCATCTATTCATATGCTCTAACCTTGAGTACCTATCTATTATAATAAACAAGTATGTTTTATAATTATTTTGACCTTGATATACTTGGATGATGGCATATGCAGCAGCTATATGTGGATTTTTTTAGCCTTGCCTTCATACGCTATTTATTTGTTTGGGGCTGTTTCTTTTTGTTGACGCTCACCCTGTTGTTTGGTGTTAC TTCTGCAG

Transgene and Reporter Gene Expression Cassettes

Transgene expression may also be regulated by a gene expressioncassette. In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises apromoter. In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises anUbi-1 promoter. In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprisesan Ubi-1 promoter from a plant. In an embodiment, a gene expressioncassette comprises an Ubi-1 promoter from Z. luxurians v1.

In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises a Z. luxurians v1Ubi-1 promoter, wherein the promoter is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, or 100% identicalto SEQ ID NO: 2. In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprisesa constitutive promoter, such as the Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter,that is operably linked to a reporter gene or a transgene. In anembodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises a constitutive promoterthat is operably linked to a transgene, wherein the transgene may be aninsecticidal resistance transgene, an herbicide tolerance transgene, anitrogen use efficiency transgene, a water use efficiency transgene, anutritional quality transgene, a DNA binding transgene, a selectablemarker transgene, or combinations thereof. In an embodiment, a geneexpression cassette comprising the constitutive promoter may driveexpression of one or more transgenes or reporter genes. In anembodiment, a gene expression cassette comprising the constitutivepromoter may drive expression of two or more transgenes or reportergenes.

In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises a Z. luxurians v1Ubi-1 promoter, wherein the upstream-promoter sequence is at least 80%,85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, or100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4. In an embodiment, a gene expressioncassette comprises a constitutive promoter, such as the Z. luxurians v1Ubi-1 upstream-promoter, that is operably linked to a reporter gene or atransgene. In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises aconstitutive upstream-promoter that is operably linked to a transgene,wherein the transgene may be an insecticidal resistance transgene, anherbicide tolerance transgene, a nitrogen use efficiency transgene, awater use efficiency transgene, a nutritional quality transgene, a DNAbinding transgene, a selectable marker transgene, or combinationsthereof. In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprising theconstitutive upstream-promoter may drive expression of one or moretransgenes or reporter genes. In an embodiment, a gene expressioncassette comprising the constitutive upstream-promoter may driveexpression of two or more transgenes or reporter genes. In a furtherembodiment, the upstream-promoter may comprise an intron. In anembodiment the upstream-promoter may comprise an intron sequence that isoperably linked to a reporter gene or transgene. In another embodimentthe upstream-promoter may comprise a 5′-UTR or leader sequence. In anembodiment the upstream-promoter may comprise a 5′-UTR or leadersequence that is operably linked to a reporter gene or transgene. In yetanother embodiment the upstream-promoter may comprise a 5′-UTR or leadersequence and an intron sequence. In an embodiment the upstream-promotermay comprise a 5′-UTR or leader sequence and an intron sequence that areoperably linked to a reporter gene or transgene.

In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises a Z. luxurians v1Ubi-1 promoter, wherein the 5′-UTR or leader sequence is at least 80%,85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, or100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In an embodiment, a gene expressioncassette comprises a 5′-UTR or leader from a maize gene encoding anUbiquitin-1 protein that is operably linked to a promoter, wherein thepromoter is a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter, or a promoter thatoriginates from a plant (e.g., Zea mays or Zea luxurians Ubiquitin-1promoter), a virus (e.g., Cassava vein mosaic virus promoter), or abacteria (e.g., Agrobacterium tumefaciens delta mas). In an illustrativeembodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises a Z. luxurians v15′-UTR or leader sequence from a maize gene encoding an Ubiquitinprotein that is operably linked to a transgene, wherein the transgenecan be an insecticidal resistance transgene, an herbicide tolerancetransgene, a nitrogen use efficiency transgene, a water use efficiencytransgene, a nutritional quality transgene, a DNA binding transgene, aselectable marker transgene, or combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises a Z. luxurians v1Ubi-1 promoter, wherein the intronic sequence is at least 80%, 85%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In an embodiment, a gene expression cassettecomprises an intron from a maize gene encoding an Ubiquitin-1 proteinthat is operably linked to a promoter, wherein the promoter is a Z.luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter, or a promoter that originates from a plant(e.g., Zea mays or Zea luxurians Ubiquitin-1 promoter), a virus (e.g.,Cassava vein mosaic virus promoter) or a bacteria (e.g., Agrobacteriumtumefaciens delta mas). In an illustrative embodiment, a gene expressioncassette comprises an intron from a maize gene encoding an Ubiquitinprotein that is operably linked to a transgene, wherein the transgenecan be an insecticidal resistance transgene, an herbicide tolerancetransgene, a nitrogen use efficiency transgene, a water use efficiencytransgene, a nutritional quality transgene, a DNA binding transgene, aselectable marker transgene, or combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, a vector may comprise a gene expression cassette asdescribed herein. In an embodiment, a vector may be a plasmid, a cosmid,a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), a bacteriophage, a virus, or anexcised polynucleotide fragment for use in direct transformation or genetargeting, such as a donor DNA.

In an embodiment, a cell or plant comprises a gene expression cassetteas described herein. In an embodiment, a cell or plant comprises avector comprising a gene expression cassette as disclosed in thisapplication. In an embodiment, a vector may be a plasmid, a cosmid, abacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), a bacteriophage, or a virus.Thereby, a cell or plant comprising a gene expression cassette is atransgenic cell or a transgenic plant, respectively.

In an embodiment, a transgenic plant may be a monocotyledonous or adicotyledonous plant. An embodiment of a transgenic monocotyledonousplant may be, but is not limited to maize, wheat, rice, sorghum, oats,rye, bananas, sugar cane, and millet. An embodiment of a transgenicdicotyledonous plant may be, but is not limited to soybean, cotton,sunflower, or canola. An embodiment also includes a transgenic seed froma transgenic plant, as described herein.

Selectable Markers

Various selectable markers, also described as reporter genes, may beincorporated into a chosen expression vector to allow for identificationand selection of transformed plants (“transformants”). Many methods areavailable to confirm expression of selectable markers in transformedplants, including, for example, DNA sequencing and Polymerase ChainReaction (PCR), Southern blotting, RNA blotting, immunological methodsfor detection of a protein expressed from the vector, such as,precipitated protein that mediates phosphinothricin resistance, orvisual observation of other proteins such as reporter genes encodingβ-Glucuronidase (GUS), Luciferase, Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP),Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP), DsRed, β-galactosidase,Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase, and thelike (See Sambrook, et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual,Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Press, N.Y., 2001, the content isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

Selectable marker genes are utilized for selection of transformed cellsor tissues. Selectable marker genes include genes encoding antibioticresistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO)and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) as well as genes conferringresistance to herbicidal compounds. Herbicide resistance genes generallycode for a modified target protein insensitive to the herbicide or foran enzyme that degrades or detoxifies the herbicide in the plant beforeit can act. For example, resistance to glyphosate has been obtained byusing genes coding for mutant target enzymes,5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Genes and mutantsfor EPSPS are well known, and further described below. Resistance toglufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D)have been obtained by using bacterial genes encoding pat or DSM-2, anitrilase, an aad-1 or an aad-12 gene, which detoxifies the respectiveherbicides.

In an embodiment, herbicides may inhibit the growing point or meristem,including imidazolinone or sulfonylurea, and genes forresistance/tolerance of acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) andacetolactate synthase (ALS). Glyphosate resistance genes include mutant5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPs) and dgt-28 genes viathe introduction of recombinant nucleic acids and/or various forms of invivo mutagenesis of native EPSPs genes, aroA genes, and glyphosateacetyl transferase (GAT) genes, respectively. Resistance genes for otherphosphono compounds include BAR genes from Streptomyces species,including Streptomyces hygroscopicus and Streptomyces viridichromogenes,and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cyclohexones (ACCaseinhibitor-encoding genes). Exemplary genes conferring resistance tocyclohexanediones and/or aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid (includingHaloxyfop, Diclofop, Fenoxyprop, Fluazifop, Quizalofop) include genes ofacetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)—Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3. Inan embodiment, herbicides can inhibit photosynthesis, including triazine(psbA and 1s+ genes) or benzonitrile (nitrilase gene).

In an embodiment, selectable marker genes include, but are not limitedto genes encoding: neomycin phosphotransferase II; cyanamide hydratase;aspartate kinase; dihydrodipicolinate synthase; tryptophandecarboxylase; dihydrodipicolinate synthase and desensitized aspartatekinase; bar gene; tryptophan decarboxylase; neomycin phosphotransferase(NEO); hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT or HYG); dihydrofolatereductase (DHFR); phosphinothricin acetyltransferase;2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase; acetohydroxyacid synthase;5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-phosphate synthase (aroA); haloarylnitrilase;acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase; dihydropteroate synthase (sul I); and 32kD photosystem II polypeptide (psbA).

An embodiment also includes genes encoding resistance to:chloramphenicol; methotrexate; hygromycin; spectinomycin; bromoxynil;glyphosate; and phosphinothricin.

The above list of selectable marker genes is not meant to be limiting.Any reporter or selectable marker gene is encompassed by the presentinvention.

Selectable marker genes are synthesized for optimal expression in plant.For example, in an embodiment, a coding sequence of a gene has beenmodified by codon optimization to enhance expression in plants. Aselectable marker gene may be optimized for expression in a particularplant species or alternatively may be modified for optimal expression indicotyledonous or monocotyledonous plants. Plant preferred codons may bedetermined from the codons of highest frequency in the proteinsexpressed in the largest amount in the particular plant species ofinterest. In an embodiment, a selectable marker gene is designed to beexpressed in plants at a higher level resulting in higher transformationefficiency. Methods for plant optimization of genes are well known.Guidance regarding the optimization and manufacture of syntheticpolynucleotide sequences may be found in, for example, WO2013/016546,WO2011/146524, WO1997/013402, U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,302, and U.S. Pat. No.5,380,831, herein incorporated by reference.

Transgenes

The disclosed methods and compositions may be used to expresspolynucleotide gene sequences within the plant genome. Accordingly,genes encoding herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, nutrients,antibiotics, or therapeutic molecules may be expressed by the novelpromoter.

In one embodiment the constitutive promoter regulatory element of thesubject disclosure is combined or operably linked with one or more genesencoding polynucleotide sequences that provide resistance or toleranceto glyphosate, 2,4-D glufosinate, or another herbicide, providesresistance to select insects or diseases and/or nutritionalenhancements, improved agronomic characteristics, proteins, or otherproducts useful in feed, food, industrial, pharmaceutical or other uses.The transgenes may be “stacked” with two or more nucleic acid sequencesof interest within a plant genome. Stacking may be accomplished, forexample, via conventional plant breeding using two or more events,transformation of a plant with a construct which contains the sequencesof interest, re-transformation of a transgenic plant, or addition of newtraits through targeted integration via homologous recombination.

Such polynucleotide sequences of interest include, but are not limitedto, those examples provided below:

1. Genes or Coding Sequence (e.g. iRNA) that Confer Resistance to Pestsor Disease

(A) Plant Disease Resistance Genes. Plant defenses are often activatedby specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene(R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr)gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with clonedresistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specificpathogen strains. Examples of such genes include, the tomato Cf-9 genefor resistance to Cladosporium fulvum (Jones et al., 1994 Science266:789), tomato Pto gene, which encodes a protein kinase, forresistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Martin et al., 1993Science 262:1432), and Arabidopsis RSSP2 gene for resistance toPseudomonas syringae (Mindrinos et al., 1994 Cell 78:1089).

(B) A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or asynthetic polypeptide modeled thereon, such as, a nucleotide sequence ofa Bt δ-endotoxin gene (Geiser et al., 1986 Gene 48:109), and avegetative insecticidal (VIP) gene (see, e.g., Estruch et al. (1996)Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:5389-94). Moreover, DNA molecules encodingδ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection(Rockville, Md.), under ATCC accession numbers 40098, 67136, 31995 and31998.

(C) A lectin, such as, nucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniatamannose-binding lectin genes (Van Damme et al., 1994 Plant Molec. Biol.24:825).

(D) A vitamin binding protein, such as avidin and avidin homologs whichare useful as larvicides against insect pests. See U.S. Pat. No.5,659,026.

(E) An enzyme inhibitor, e.g., a protease inhibitor or an amylaseinhibitor. Examples of such genes include a rice cysteine proteinaseinhibitor (Abe et al., 1987 J. Biol. Chem. 262:16793), a tobaccoproteinase inhibitor I (Huub et al., 1993 Plant Molec. Biol. 21:985),and an α-amylase inhibitor (Sumitani et al., 1993 Biosci. Biotech.Biochem. 57:1243).

(F) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid andjuvenile hormone a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or anantagonist or agonist thereof, such as baculovirus expression of clonedjuvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone (Hammocket al., 1990 Nature 344:458).

(G) An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression,disrupts the physiology of the affected pest (J. Biol. Chem. 269:9).Examples of such genes include an insect diuretic hormone receptor(Regan, 1994), an allostatin identified in Diploptera punctata (Pratt,1989), and insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins (U.S. Pat. No.5,266,361).

(H) An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp,etc., such as a scorpion insectotoxic peptide (Pang, 1992 Gene 116:165).

(I) An enzyme responsible for a hyperaccumulation of monoterpene, asesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivativeor another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.

(J) An enzyme involved in the modification, including thepost-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; forexample, glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, anuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, aphosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, achitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. Examples ofsuch genes include, a callas gene (PCT published applicationWO93/02197), chitinase-encoding sequences (which can be obtained, forexample, from the ATCC under accession numbers 3999637 and 67152),tobacco hookworm chitinase (Kramer et al., 1993 Insect Molec. Biol.23:691), and parsley ubi4-2 polyUbiquitin gene (Kawalleck et al., 1993Plant Molec. Biol. 21:673).

(K) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. Examples of suchmolecules include nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNAclones (Botella et al., 1994 Plant Molec. Biol. 24:757) and a nucleotidesequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone (Griess et al., 1994 PlantPhysiol. 104:1467).

(L) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,659,026 and5,607,914; the latter teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides thatconfer disease resistance.

(M) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker, such asa cecropin-β lytic peptide analog (Jaynes et al., 1993 Plant Sci. 89:43)which renders transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Pseudomonassolanacearum.

(N) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. Forexample, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plantcells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease developmenteffected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, aswell as by related viruses. Coat protein-mediated resistance has beenconferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumbermosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y,tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. See,for example, Beachy et al. (1990) Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 28:451.

(O) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom.Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in theinsect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. Forexample, Taylor et al. (1994) Abstract #497, Seventh Int'l. Symposium onMolecular Plant-Microbe Interactions shows enzymatic inactivation intransgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments.

(P) A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al.(1993) Nature 266:469, which shows that transgenic plants expressingrecombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack.

(Q) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogenor a parasite. Thus, fungal endo α-1,4-D polygalacturonases facilitatefungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plantcell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase (Lamb et al., 1992) Bio/Technology10:1436. The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a beanendopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart et al.(1992 Plant J. 2:367).

(R) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant,such as the barley ribosome-inactivating gene that provides an increasedresistance to fungal disease (Longemann et al., 1992). Bio/Technology10:3305.

(S) RNA interference, in which an RNA molecule is used to inhibitexpression of a target gene. An RNA molecule in one example is partiallyor fully double stranded, which triggers a silencing response, resultingin cleavage of dsRNA into small interfering RNAs, which are thenincorporated into a targeting complex that destroys homologous mRNAs.See, e.g., Fire et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559; Graham et al, U.S. Pat.No. 6,573,099.

2. Genes that Confer Resistance to a Herbicide

(A) Genes encoding resistance or tolerance to a herbicide that inhibitsthe growing point or meristem, such as an imidazalinone, sulfonanilideor sulfonylurea herbicide. Exemplary genes in this category code formutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) (Lee et al., 1988 EMBOJ. 7:1241) alsoknown as acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) enzyme (Miki et al., 1990Theor. Appl. Genet. 80:449).

(B) One or more additional genes encoding resistance or tolerance toglyphosate imparted by mutant EPSP synthase and aroA genes, or throughmetabolic inactivation by genes such as DGT-28, 2mEPSPS, GAT (glyphosateacetyltransferase) or GOX (glyphosate oxidase) and other phosphonocompounds such as glufosinate (pat,bar, and dsm-2 genes), andaryloxyphenoxypropionic acids and cyclohexanediones (ACCase inhibitorencoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835, whichdiscloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSP which can conferglyphosate resistance. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can beobtained under ATCC Accession Number 39256, and the nucleotide sequenceof the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061. EuropeanPatent Application No. 0 333 033 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 disclosenucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which conferresistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotidesequence of a phosphinothricinacetyl-transferase gene is provided inEuropean Patent Application No. 0 242 246. De Greef et al. (1989)Bio/Technology 7:61 describes the production of transgenic plants thatexpress chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyltransferase activity. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance toaryloxyphenoxypropionic acids and cyclohexanediones, such as sethoxydimand haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes described byMarshall et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet. 83:435.

(C) Genes encoding resistance or tolerance to a herbicide that inhibitsphotosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and abenzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibilla et al. (1991) Plant Cell 3:169describe the use of plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes to transformChlamydomonas. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648, and DNA molecules containing these genes areavailable under ATCC accession numbers 53435, 67441 and 67442. Cloningand expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase isdescribed by Hayes et al. (1992) Biochem. J. 285:173.

(D) Genes encoding resistance or tolerance to a herbicide that bind tohydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenases (HPPD), enzymes which catalyze thereaction in which para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) is transformed intohomogentisate. This includes herbicides such as isoxazoles (EP418175,EP470856, EP487352, EP527036, EP560482, EP682659, U.S. Pat. No.5,424,276), in particular isoxaflutole, which is a selective herbicidefor maize, diketonitriles (EP496630, EP496631), in particular2-cyano-3-cyclopropyl-1-(2-SO2CH3-4-CF3 phenyl)propane-1,3-dione and2-cyano-3-cyclopropyl-1-(2-SO2CH3-4-2,3Cl2phenyl)propane-1,3-dione,triketones (EP625505, EP625508, U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,195), in particularsulcotrione, and pyrazolinates. A gene that produces an overabundance ofHPPD in plants can provide tolerance or resistance to such herbicides,including, for example, genes described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,549 and6,245,968 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0066102.

(E) Genes encoding resistance or tolerance to phenoxy auxin herbicides,such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and which may also conferresistance or tolerance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) herbicides.Examples of such genes include the □-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenaseenzyme (aad-1) gene, described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,838,733.

(F) Genes encoding resistance or tolerance to phenoxy auxin herbicides,such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and which may also conferresistance or tolerance to pyridyloxy auxin herbicides, such asfluroxypyr or triclopyr. Examples of such genes include theα-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzyme gene (aad-12), described inWO2007/053482 A2.

(G) Genes encoding resistance or tolerance to dicamba (see, e.g., U.S.Patent Publication No. 20030135879).

(H) Genes providing resistance or tolerance to herbicides that inhibitprotoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,373).

(I) Genes providing resistance or tolerance to triazine herbicides (suchas atrazine) and urea derivatives (such as diuron) herbicides which bindto core proteins of photosystem II reaction centers (PS II) (SeeBrussian et al., (1989) EMBO J. 1989, 8(4): 1237-1245.

3. Genes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait

(A) Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by transforming maizeor Brassica with an antisense gene or stearoyl-ACP desaturase toincrease stearic acid content of the plant (Knultzon et al., 1992) Proc.Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2624.

(B) Decreased phytase content

-   -   (1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene, such as the        Aspergillus niger phytase gene (Van Hartingsveldt et al., 1993        Gene 127:87), enhances breakdown of phytate, adding more free        phosphate to the transformed plant.    -   (2) A gene could be introduced that reduces phytate content. In        maize, this, for example, could be accomplished by cloning and        then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allele which        is responsible for maize mutants characterized by low levels of        phytic acid (Raboy et al., 1990 Maydica 35:383).

(C) Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, bytransforming plants with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters thebranching pattern of starch. Examples of such enzymes include,Streptococcus mucus fructosyltransferase gene (Shiroza et al., 1988) J.Bacteriol. 170:810, Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene (Steinmetz etal., 1985 Mol. Gen. Genel. 200:220), Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase(Pen et al., 1992 Bio/Technology 10:292), tomato invertase genes (Elliotet al., 1993), barley amylase gene (Sogaard et al., 1993 J. Biol. Chem.268:22480), and maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II (Fisher etal., 1993 Plant Physiol. 102:10450).

Transformation

Suitable methods for transformation of plants include any method whereDNA may be introduced into a cell, for example and without limitation:electroporation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253); micro-projectilebombardment (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,015,580; 5,550,318; 5,538,880;6,160,208; 6,399,861; and 6,403,865); Agrobacterium-mediatedtransformation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,635,055; 5,824,877;5,591,616; 5,981,840; and 6,384,301); and protoplast transformation(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,184). These methods may be used tostably transform or transiently transform a plant.

A DNA construct may be introduced directly into the genomic DNA of theplant cell using techniques such as agitation with silicon carbidefibers (See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,523 and 5,464,765). DNAconstructs may be introduced directly into plant tissue using biolisticmethods, such as DNA particle bombardment (see, e.g., Klein et al.,(1987) Nature 327:70-73). Alternatively, DNA constructs may beintroduced into the plant cell via nanoparticle transformation (see,e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0104700, incorporated herein byreference in its entirety).

In addition, gene transfer may be achieved using non-Agrobacteriumbacteria or viruses, such as Rhizobium sp. NGR234, Sinorhizoboiummeliloti, Mesorhizobium loti, potato virus X, cauliflower mosaic virus,cassava vein mosaic virus, and/or tobacco mosaic virus, see, e.g., Chunget al. (2006) Trends Plant Sci. 11(1):1-4.

Through the application of transformation techniques, cells of virtuallyany plant species may be stably transformed, and these cells may bedeveloped into transgenic plants by well-known techniques. For example,techniques that may be particularly useful in the context of cottontransformation are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,846,797; 5,159,135;5,004,863; and 6,624,344; techniques for transforming Brassica plants inparticular are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,871;techniques for transforming soybean are described, for example, in U.S.Pat. No. 6,384,301; and techniques for transforming maize are described,for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,060,876 and 5,591,616, andInternational PCT Publication WO95/06722.

After effecting delivery of an exogenous nucleic acid to a recipientcell, a transformed cell is generally identified for further culturingand plant regeneration. In order to improve the ability to identifytransformants, one may desire to employ a selectable marker gene withthe transformation vector used to generate the transformant. In anillustrative embodiment, a transformed cell population may be assayed byexposing the cells to a selective agent or agents, or the cells may bescreened for the desired marker gene trait.

Cells that survive exposure to a selective agent, or cells that havebeen scored positive in a screening assay, may be cultured in media thatsupports regeneration of plants. In an embodiment, any suitable planttissue culture media may be modified by including further substances,such as growth regulators. Plant tissues may be maintained on a basicmedia with growth regulators until sufficient tissue is available tobegin plant regeneration efforts. Alternatively, following repeatedrounds of manual selection, until the morphology of the tissue issuitable for regeneration (e.g., at least 2 weeks), the tissue may thenbe transferred to media conducive to shoot formation. Cultures aretransferred periodically until sufficient shoot formation has occurred.Once shoots are formed, they are transferred to media conducive to rootformation. Once sufficient roots are formed, plants may be transferredto soil for further growth and maturity.

To confirm the presence of a desired nucleic acid comprising constructsprovided in regenerating plants, a variety of assays may be performed.Such assays may include: molecular biological assays, such as Southernand Northern blotting and PCR; biochemical assays, such as detecting thepresence of a protein product by immunological means, such as, ELISA,western blots, and/or LC-MS MS spectrophotometry) or by enzymaticfunction, such as, by plant part assays, such as leaf, callus, or pollenassays; and/or analysis of the phenotype of the whole regenerated plant.

Transgenic events may be screened, for example, by PCR amplificationusing oligonucleotide primers specific for nucleic acid molecules ofinterest. PCR genotyping is understood to include, but not be limitedto, PCR amplification of genomic DNA derived from isolated and/orpurified host plant tissue predicted to contain a nucleic acid moleculeof interest integrated into the genome, followed by standard cloning,and sequence analysis of PCR amplification products. Methods of PCRgenotyping have been well described (see, e.g., Rios et al. (2002) PlantJ. 32:243-53) and may be applied to genomic DNA derived from any plantspecies or tissue type, including cell cultures.

Combinations of oligonucleotide primers that bind to both targetsequence and introduced sequence may be used sequentially or multiplexedin PCR amplification reactions. Oligonucleotide primers designed toanneal to the target site, introduced nucleic acid sequences, and/orcombinations of the two types of nucleic acid sequences may be produced.Thus, PCR genotyping strategies may include, for example and withoutlimitation: amplification of specific sequences in the plant genome;amplification of multiple specific sequences in the plant genome;amplification of non-specific sequences in the plant genome; andcombinations of any of the foregoing. One skilled in the art may deviseadditional combinations of primers and amplification reactions tointerrogate the genome. For example, a set of forward and reverseoligonucleotide primers may be designed to anneal to nucleic acidsequence(s) specific for the target outside the boundaries of theintroduced nucleic acid sequence.

Forward and reverse oligonucleotide primers may be designed to annealspecifically to an introduced nucleic acid molecule, for example, at asequence corresponding to a coding region within a nucleotide sequenceof interest comprised therein, or other parts of the nucleic acidmolecule. Primers may be used in conjunction with primers describedherein. Oligonucleotide primers may be synthesized according to adesired sequence and are commercially available (e.g., from IntegratedDNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, Iowa). Amplification may be followedby cloning and sequencing, or by direct sequence analysis ofamplification products. In an embodiment, oligonucleotide primersspecific for the gene target are employed in PCR amplifications.

Method of Expressing a Transgene

In an embodiment, a method of expressing at least one transgene in aplant comprises growing a plant comprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2) operably linked to at least one transgene. In anembodiment, a method of expressing at least one transgene in a planttissue or plant cell comprises culturing a plant tissue or plant cellcomprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2) operablylinked to at least one transgene.

In an embodiment, a method of expressing at least one transgene in aplant comprises growing a plant comprising a gene expression cassettecomprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2) operablylinked to at least one transgene. In another embodiment, a method ofexpressing at least one transgene in a plant tissue or plant cellcomprises culturing a plant tissue or plant cell comprising a geneexpression cassette comprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter (SEQ IDNO: 2) operably linked to at least one transgene.

In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a geneexpression cassette comprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter (SEQ IDNO: 2) operably linked to a transgene. Wherein, the Z. luxurians v1Ubi-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 2) is comprised of an upstream-promoter (SEQID NO: 4), 5′-UTR (SEQ ID NO: 6), and an intron (SEQ ID NO: 8). In anembodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a geneexpression cassette comprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 upstream-promoter(SEQ ID NO: 4), 5′-UTR (SEQ ID NO: 6), and an intron (SEQ ID NO: 8). Inan embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a geneexpression cassette comprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 upstream-promoter(SEQ ID NO: 4), 5′-UTR (SEQ ID NO: 6), and an intron (SEQ ID NO: 8) of aZ. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 gene. In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, orplant cell comprises a gene expression cassette comprising a Z.luxurians v1 Ubi-1 upstream-promoter (SEQ ID NO: 4), 5′-UTR (SEQ ID NO:6), and an intron (SEQ ID NO: 8) of a Z. luxurians v1Ubi-1 gene.

In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a Z.luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter. In an embodiment, a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1promoter may be SEQ ID NO: 2. In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue,or plant cell comprises a gene expression cassette comprising apromoter, wherein the promoter is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, or 100% identical to SEQ IDNO: 2. In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprisesa gene expression cassette comprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoterthat is operably linked to a transgene. In an illustrative embodiment, aplant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a gene expression cassettecomprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter that is operably linked to atransgene, wherein the transgene can be an insecticidal resistancetransgene, an herbicide tolerance transgene, a nitrogen use efficiencytransgene, a water use efficiency transgene, a nutritional qualitytransgene, a DNA binding transgene, a selectable marker transgene, orcombinations thereof.

In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a Z.luxurians v1 Ubi-1 upstream-promoter. In an embodiment, a Z. luxuriansv1 Ubi-1 upstream-promoter may be SEQ ID NO: 4. In an embodiment, aplant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a gene expression cassettecomprising an upstream-promoter, wherein the upstream-promoter is atleast 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%,99.8%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 4. In an embodiment, a plant,plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a gene expression cassettecomprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 upstream-promoter that is operablylinked to a transgene. In an illustrative embodiment, a plant, planttissue, or plant cell comprises a gene expression cassette comprising aZ. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 upstream-promoter that is operably linked to atransgene, wherein the transgene can be an insecticidal resistancetransgene, an herbicide tolerance transgene, a nitrogen use efficiencytransgene, a water use efficiency transgene, a nutritional qualitytransgene, a DNA binding transgene, a selectable marker transgene, orcombinations thereof.

In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a Z.luxurians v1 Ubi-1 5′-UTR or leader sequence. In an embodiment, a Z.luxurians v1 Ubi-1 5′-UTR or leader sequence may be a polynucleotide ofSEQ ID NO: 6. In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cellcomprises a gene expression cassette comprising a 5′-UTR or leadersequence, wherein the 5′-UTR or leader sequence is at least 80%, 85%,90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.8%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6. In an embodiment, a gene expression cassettecomprises a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 5′-UTR or leader that is operablylinked to a promoter, wherein the promoter is an Ubiquitin promoter, ora promoter that originates from a plant (e.g., Zea mays or Zea luxuriansUbiquitin-1 promoter), a virus (e.g., Cassava vein mosaic viruspromoter) or a bacteria (e.g., Agrobacterium tumefaciens delta mas). Inan embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a geneexpression cassette comprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 5′-UTR or leaderthat is operably linked to a transgene. In an illustrative embodiment, aplant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprising a gene expression cassettecomprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 5′-UTR or leader that is operablylinked to a transgene, wherein the transgene can be an insecticidalresistance transgene, an herbicide tolerance transgene, a nitrogen useefficiency transgene, a water use efficiency transgene, a nutritionalquality transgene, a DNA binding transgene, a selectable markertransgene, or combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises anUbi-1 intron. In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cellcomprises a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 intron. In an embodiment, a Z.luxurians v1 Ubi-1 intron may be a polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO: 8. In anembodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a geneexpression cassette comprising an intron, wherein the intron is at least80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%,99.8%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. In an embodiment, a geneexpression cassette comprises a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 intron that isoperably linked to a promoter, wherein the promoter is an Ubiquitinpromoter, or a promoter that originates from a plant (e.g., Zea mays orZea luxurians Ubiquitin-1 promoter), a virus (e.g., Cassava vein mosaicvirus promoter) or a bacteria (e.g., Agrobacterium tumefaciens deltamas). In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises agene expression cassette comprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 intron thatis operably linked to a transgene. In an illustrative embodiment, aplant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprising a gene expression cassettecomprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 intron that is operably linked to atransgene, wherein the transgene can be an insecticidal resistancetransgene, an herbicide tolerance transgene, a nitrogen use efficiencytransgene, a water use efficiency transgene, a nutritional qualitytransgene, a DNA binding transgene, a selectable marker transgene, orcombinations thereof.

In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a geneexpression cassette comprising a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1upstream-promoter, Ubi-1 intron, and an Ubi-1 5′-UTR that are operablylinked to a transgene. The Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter, Ubi-1 intron,and an Ubi-1 5′-UTR can be operably linked to different transgeneswithin a gene expression cassette when a gene expression cassetteincludes two or more transgenes. In an illustrative embodiment, a geneexpression cassette comprises a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter that isoperably linked to a transgene, wherein the transgene can be aninsecticidal resistance transgene, an herbicide tolerance transgene, anitrogen use efficiency transgene, a water use efficiency transgene, anutritional quality transgene, a DNA binding transgene, a selectablemarker transgene, or combinations thereof. In an illustrativeembodiment, a gene expression cassette comprises a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1intron that is operably linked to a transgene, wherein the transgene canbe an insecticidal resistance transgene, an herbicide tolerancetransgene, a nitrogen use efficiency transgene, a water use efficiencytransgene, a nutritional quality transgene, a DNA binding transgene, aselectable marker transgene, or combinations thereof. In an embodiment,a gene expression cassette comprises a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 intron thatis operably linked to a promoter, wherein the promoter is an Ubiquitinpromoter, or a promoter that originates from a plant (e.g., Zea mays orZea luxurians Ubiquitin-1 promoter), a virus (e.g., Cassava vein mosaicvirus promoter) or a bacterium (e.g., Agrobacterium tumefaciens deltamas). In an illustrative embodiment, a gene expression cassettecomprises a Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 5′-UTR that is operably linked to atransgene, wherein the transgene can be an insecticidal resistancetransgene, an herbicide tolerance transgene, a nitrogen use efficiencytransgene, a water use efficiency transgene, a nutritional qualitytransgene, a DNA binding transgene, a selectable marker transgene, orcombinations thereof.

In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises avector comprising a constitutive gene promoter regulatory element asdisclosed herein. In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cellcomprises a vector comprising a constitutive gene promoter regulatoryelement, as disclosed herein, operably linked to a transgene. In anembodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell comprises a vectorcomprising a gene expression cassette, as disclosed herein. In anembodiment, a vector may be a plasmid, a cosmid, a bacterial artificialchromosome (BAC), a bacteriophage, or a virus fragment.

In an embodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell, according to themethods disclosed herein, may be monocotyledonous. The monocotyledonousplant, plant tissue, or plant cell may be, but is not limited to corn,rice, wheat, sugarcane, barley, rye, sorghum, orchids, bamboo, banana,cattails, lilies, oat, onion, millet, and triticale. In anotherembodiment, a plant, plant tissue, or plant cell, according to themethods disclosed herein, may be dicotyledonous. The dicotyledonousplant, plant tissue, or plant cell may be, but is not limited torapeseed, canola, Indian mustard, Ethiopian mustard, soybean, sunflower,and cotton.

With regard to the production of genetically modified plants, methodsfor the genetic engineering of plants are well known in the art. Forinstance, numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed,including biological and physical transformation protocols fordicotyledonous plants as well as monocotyledonous plants (e.g.,Goto-Fumiyuki et al., Nature Biotech 17:282-286 (1999); Miki et al.,Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B. R. andThompson, J. E. Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993)). Inaddition, vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissuetransformation and regeneration of plants are available, for example, inGruber et al., Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology,Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp.89-119 (1993).

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that after the exogenoussequence is stably incorporated in transgenic plants and confirmed to beoperable, it may be introduced into other plants by sexual crossing. Anyof a number of standard breeding techniques may be used, depending uponthe species to be crossed.

A transformed plant cell, root, leaf, callus, pollen, tissue, or plantmay be identified and isolated by selecting or screening the engineeredplant material for traits encoded by the marker genes present on thetransforming DNA. For example, selection may be performed by growing theengineered plant material on media containing an inhibitory amount of anantibiotic or herbicide to which the transforming gene construct confersresistance. Further, transformed cells may also be identified byscreening for the activities of any visible marker genes (e.g., the YFP,GFP, β-glucuronidase, Luciferase, B or C1 genes) that may be present onthe recombinant nucleic acid constructs. Such selection and screeningmethodologies are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Physical and biochemical methods also may be used to identify plant orplant cell transformants containing inserted gene constructs. Thesemethods include, but are not limited to: 1) Southern analysis or PCRamplification for detecting and determining the structure of therecombinant DNA insert; 2) Northern blot, S1 RNase protection,primer-extension, or reverse transcriptase-PCR amplification fordetecting and examining RNA transcripts of the gene constructs; 3)enzymatic assays for detecting enzyme or ribozyme activity, where suchgene products are encoded by the gene construct; 4) next generationsequencing (NGS) analysis; or 5) protein gel electrophoresis, westernblot techniques, immunoprecipitation, or enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA), where the gene construct products are proteins.Additional techniques, such as in situ hybridization, enzyme staining,and immunostaining, may also be used to detect the presence orexpression of the recombinant construct in specific plant organs andtissues. The methods for doing all of these assays are well known tothose skilled in the art.

Effects of gene manipulation using the methods disclosed herein may beobserved by, for example, Northern blots of the RNA (e.g., mRNA)isolated from the tissues of interest. Typically, if the mRNA is presentor the amount of mRNA has increased, it may be assumed that thecorresponding transgene is being expressed. Other methods of measuringgene and/or encoded polypeptide activity may be used. Different types ofenzymatic assays may be used, depending on the substrate used and themethod of detecting the increase or decrease of a reaction product orby-product. In addition, the levels of polypeptide expressed may bemeasured immunochemically, by employing ELISA, RIA, EIA, and otherantibody based assays well known to those of skill in the art, such as,by electrophoretic detection assays (either with staining or westernblotting). As one non-limiting example, the detection of the AAD-1(aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase; see WO 2005/107437) and PAT(phosphinothricin-N-acetyl-transferase) proteins using an ELISA assay isdescribed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20090093366 which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The transgene may alsobe selectively expressed in some cell types or tissues of the plant orat some developmental stages. The transgene may also be substantiallyexpressed in all plant tissues and along its entire life cycle. However,any combinatorial expression mode is also applicable.

The present disclosure also encompasses seeds of the transgenic plantsdescribed above, wherein the seed comprises the reporter gene,transgene, or gene expression cassette. The present disclosure furtherencompasses the progeny, clones, cell lines, or cells of the transgenicplants described above, wherein said progeny, clone, cell line, or cellcomprises the reporter gene, transgene, or gene construct.

While the invention has been described with reference to specificmethods and embodiments, it should be appreciated that variousmodifications and changes may be made without departing from theinvention described herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Novel Promoter Identification and Isolation

A novel promoter sequence from the Ubi-1 gene of Z. luxurians v1 wasamplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Oligonucleotides(Table 1) designed to amplify the novel promoter, Z. luxurians v1, werederived from conserved regions of the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 promotersequence, which served as the control. A PCR product was obtained fromZ. luxurians v1 and was characterized.

The PCR product comprising the novel promoter was cloned into Topo™vectors using Invitrogen Zero Blunt® TOPO® PCR Cloning Kit according tomanufacturer's instructions. A vector map showing the cloned plasmidcomprising the novel promoter PCR product is provided. PlasmidpDAB105710 corresponds to Z. luxurians v1 (FIG. 2).

TABLE 1  Primers used for PCR Amplification of Novel Ubi-1 PromotersSeq. ID No: Forward Primer: GCTACCGCGGACCCGGTCGTGCCC  9 CTCTCTAGAGATAATGReverse Primer: AGTCAGGTACCCTGCAGAAGTAAC 10 ACCAAACAACAG Thepromoter-specific sequence of the PCR primers is underlined. The primersequence located 5′ upstream of the promoter-specific sequence is linkersequence used for cloning.

After cloning, the promoter insert containing the PCR product wassequenced using methods known to those skilled in the art. The promoterpolynucleotide sequences of Z. luxurians v1 (FIG. 4) was computationallyaligned and subsequently analyzed for sequence homology to the Z. maysc.v. B73 Ubi-1 control sequence (FIG. 3). Bioinformatic methods and/orsoftware programs known by those skilled in the art, such as ClustalW orSequencher, were used to perform the sequence homology analysis.

Example 2: Novel Promoter Characterization

Sequence homology analysis (FIGS. 3-7), including sequence alignment andcomparison to the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 control sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1;FIG. 3) revealed a novel Ubi-1 promoter for further characterization. Itwas also observed that the new Ubi-1 promoter sequence, obtained from Z.luxurians v1 (SEQ ID NO: 2; FIG. 4), comprised polynucleotide sequencesof three distinct regions; 1) an upstream-promoter region (SEQ ID NO:4), 2) a 5′-UTR (SEQ ID NO: 6), and 3) an intron (SEQ ID NO: 8). Thepromoter regions and specific promoter elements from Z. luxurians v1were analyzed for sequence homology to the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1control sequence (FIGS. 5-7). More specifically, sequence alignment wasperformed to independently compare the upstream-promoter, 5′-UTR, andintronic regions, as well as the TATA Box and Heat Shock Element (HSE)regulatory elements of the Z. luxurians v1 promoter to the correspondingregions of the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 control sequence (FIGS. 5-7, Table2).

TABLE 2 Sequence Homology (%) between Z. mays B73 Ubi-1 Promoter andNovel Ubi-1 Promoter Upstream- Heat Shock Promoter Total Promoter5′-UTR/Leader Intron TATA Box Element Z. luxurians v1 90.4 87.8 98.891.7 100 100

FIG. 5 shows the sequence alignment of the upstream-promoter regions ofthe Z. luxurians v1 promoter compared to the upstream-promoter region ofthe Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 control promoter sequence. FIG. 6 shows thesequence alignment of the 5′-UTR or leader sequence of the Z. luxuriansv1 promoter compared to the 5′-UTR or leader sequence of the Z. maysc.v. B73 Ubi-1 control promoter sequence. FIG. 7 shows the sequencealignment of the intronic regions of the Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promotercompared to the intronic sequence of the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 controlpromoter sequence.

The promoter elements obtained from Z. luxurians v1 showed 90.4% overallsequence identity (Table 2) to the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 sequence.Characterization of the novel promoter sequence from Z. luxurians v1confirmed that most of the promoter regulatory elements (i.e., a TATAbox or Heat Shock Element) typically found in a functional promoter,were also highly conserved within the core promoter regions of the Z.luxurians v1 Ubi-1 gene (Table 2). For example, FIG. 5 shows a highlyconserved TATA box (base pairs 869-876 shown underlined) that wasidentified and found to be located approximately 50 bp 5′ upstream ofthe TSS in the upstream-promoter region of the novel Z. luxurians v1Ubi-1 promoter. While only small levels of variation were observed inthe 5′-UTR or leader sequence of the novel Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1promoter (FIG. 4) which had 98.8% sequence homology with the Z. maysc.v. B73 Ubi-1 control sequence (FIG. 6), areas of lower sequenceconservation in the upstream-promoter region (FIG. 5) and intron region(FIG. 7) were also identified.

The upstream-promoter regions of Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter showedvariation from the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 upstream-promoter, having only87.8% sequence homology (Table 2). The majority of differencesidentified in Z. luxurians v1 upstream-promoter region comprisednucleotide deletions, substitutions, and/or mismatches (FIG. 5). Inparticular, a 12-13 bp deletion located within 100 bp 5′ upstream of theTATA box promoter element was found in the Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1promoter (base pairs 773-784 shown boxed). Similarly, FIG. 5 shows twooverlapping Heat Shock Element (HSE) sequences (base pairs 457-481 and482-500, respectively, shown encircled) that were not conserved in thenovel Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter analyzed in this study.

In addition, further regulatory motifs exist in the Ubi-1upstream-promoter region that extend 100-200 bp 5′ upstream of the TSS.These motifs bind transcription factors that interact with thetranscriptional initiation complex and facilitate its assembly, improveits stability, or increase the efficiency of promoter escape once thetranscriptional machinery sets off (PEREMARTI et al. 2010). Thus,deletions, substitutions, and mismatches within this regulatory region,such as was observed in the Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter (FIG. 5),could potentially affect both promoter strength and specificity.

Sequence variation was also identified in the intron regions of the Z.luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter. While the novel Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1promoter shared relatively conserved levels of sequence identity (i.e.,91.7%) with the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 control promoter sequence (Table2), the Z. luxurians v1 intronic promoter sequence also contained twosignificant deletions of approximately 17 bp and 8 bp, respectively(FIG. 7) that were not identified in the control sequence. The 17 bpdeletion was located at approximately 195 bp 3′ downstream of the TSS(base pairs 120-136, shown boxed) and the 8 bp deletion was located atapproximately 710 bp 3′ downstream of the TSS (base pairs 626-633, shownunderlined).

Example 3: Vector Construction Using the New Promoters for GeneExpression

Unless otherwise indicated, molecular biological and biochemicalmanipulations described in this and subsequent Examples were performedby standard methodologies as disclosed in, for example, Ausubel et al.(1995), and Sambrook et al. (1989), and updates thereof. The constructsused in the experiments are described in greater detail below (Table 3).

The Z. luxurians promoter comprising the upstream-promoter, 5′-UTR, andintronic regions, as previously described, were extracted from the Ubi-1gene of the Z. luxurians species and the PCR amplicons were gel purifiedusing QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit® (Qiagen Carlsbad, Calif.). Thepromoter polynucleotide sequence was then cloned into a Gateway EntryVector® (Invitrogen) using standard cloning techniques known in the art.The resulting Gateway Entry Vector® comprising the Ubi-1 promotersequence for Z. luxurians v1 was confirmed via restriction digest andsequencing. A control entry vector comprising the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1promoter sequence was also cloned into a gateway entry vector usingstandard cloning techniques in the art.

In addition to the Ubi-1 promoter sequences, the entry vector alsocomprised the yellow fluorescent protein reporter gene from thePhialidium species (PhiYFP; Shagin, D. A., (2004) Mol Biol Evol. 21;841-50) with an ST-LS1 intron incorporated into the sequence(Vancanneyt, G., (1990) Mol Gen Genet. 220; 245-50) and the 3′-UTRregion of the Zea mays Peroxidase 5 gene (ZmPer5; U.S. Pat. No.6,699,984). Vector maps showing the cloned entry vectors comprising eachof the promoter sequences are provided. Construct pDAB105742 correspondsto the control entry vector comprising the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1promoter sequence. Construct pDAB105737 corresponds to the entry vectorcomprising Z. luxurians v1 promoter sequence. Thus, entry vectorscomprising gene expression cassettes comprising a Zea species Ubi-1promoter, the PhiYFP gene, and the ZmPer5 3′-UTR were established.

As described in Table 3, a binary expression vector construct,comprising the PhiYFP reporter gene driven by the new promoter sequenceand terminated by the ZmPer5 3′-UTR, was constructed. Transformation orexpression vectors for Agrobacterium-mediated maize embryotransformation were constructed through the use of standard cloningmethods and Gateway® recombination reactions employing a standarddestination binary vector, pDAB101917, and the entry vectors comprisingthe gene expression cassettes, as described above.

The binary destination vector, pDAB101917, comprised a herbicidetolerance gene, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT; Wehrmann etal., 1996, Nature Biotechnology 14:1274-1278). In the pDAB101917 vector,PAT gene expression was under the control of a Z. mays Ubi-1 promoter,5′-UTR, and intron. The pDAB101917 vector also comprised a 3′-UTR regionfrom the Z. mays lipase gene (ZmLip; U.S. Pat. No. 7,179,902). The ZmLip3′-UTR was used to terminate transcription of the PAT mRNA. The Gateway®recombination reaction enabled the insertion of each entry vectorcomprising the gene expression cassette (i.e., a Z. luxurians v1 or Z.mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 promoter, the PhiYFP gene, and the ZmPer5 3′-UTR)into the pDAB101917 destination binary vector. The entry vectors wereinserted into the pDAB101917 destination vector between T-DNA borders Aand B, and upstream of the PAT expression cassette.

TABLE 3 Binary Gene Expression Vector Construction Binary DestinationVector Construct Vector Entry Vector Construct Reporter ConstructPromoter Transgene 3′-UTR Promoter Gene 3′-UTR FIG. pDAB105748 Z. maysc.v. B73 PhiYFP ZmPer5 Z. mays Ubi-1 PAT ZmLip 8 Ubi-1 pDAB105743 Z.luxurians v1 PhiYFP ZmPer5 Z. mays Ubi-1 PAT ZmLip 9 Ubi-1

Vector maps showing the binary expression construct, pDAB101917, withthe gene expression cassettes comprised of a Z. mays or Z. luxuriansUbi-1 promoter, the PhiYFP gene, and the ZmPer5 3′-UTR incorporated, areprovided. Control construct, pDAB105748, corresponds to the geneexpression cassette comprising the Z. mays c.v. B73 Ubi-1 promoter (FIG.8). In addition, construct pDAB105743 corresponds to the gene expressioncassette comprising Z. luxurians v1 Ubi-1 promoter sequence (FIG. 9).

Example 4: Plant Transformation

Binary vector constructs, pDAB105748 (Z. mays c.v. B73) and pDAB105743(Z. luxurians v1) were each transformed into the Agrobacteriumtumefaciens strain, EHA101, using standard transformation techniquesknown in the art. Bacterial colonies were isolated and binary plasmidDNA was extracted, purified, and confirmed via restriction enzymedigestion.

Transformation of corn plants was performed according to the protocoldescribed in Vega et al., 2008, Plant Cell Rep 27:297-305 which employedAgrobacterium-mediated transformation and the phosphinothricinacetyltransferase gene (PAT; Wehrmann et al., 1996, Nature Biotechnology14:1274-1278) as a selectable plant marker. Agrobacterium tumefacienscultures comprising the binary vector constructs (described above) wereused to transform Z. mays c.v. Hi-II plants and produce first round, T₀,transgenic corn events (Table 4). The immature zygotic embryos wereproduced, prepared, and harvested 2.5 months after transformation.

Transformation results for the individual gene expression constructs arefurther described in Table 4. The total number of embryos produced, thetotal number of transgenic events observed at the callus stage and inthe total plant, as well as the percentage of overall transformationefficiency are disclosed. Overall transformation efficiency of thebinary expression constructs is lower than previously reported (Vega etal., 2008) due to poor embryo vigor in many experiments.

TABLE 4 First Round, T₀, Corn Transformation Results Number of BinaryVector Total # Number of Transgenic Efficiency Construct Embryos CallusEvents (%) pDAB105748 545 221 33 6.1 pDAB105743 632 228 28 4.4

Example 5: Transgene Copy Number Analysis

Stable integration of the PhiYFP transgene within the genome of thetransgenic Z. mays plants was confirmed via a hydrolysis probe assay.Stably-transformed transgenic Z. mays plantlets that developed from thecallus were obtained and analyzed to identify events that contained alow copy number (i.e., 1-2 copies) of full-length T-strand inserts.

The Roche Light Cycler 480™ system was used to determine the transgenecopy number according to manufacturer's instructions. The methodutilized a biplexed TaqMan® PCR reaction that employed oligonucleotidesspecific to the PhiYFP gene and to the endogenous reference gene, Z.mays Invertase (ZmInv; Genbank Accession No: U16123.1), in a singleassay. Copy number and zygosity were determined by measuring theintensity of PhiYFP-specific fluorescence, relative to theZmInv-specific fluorescence, as compared to known copy number standards.

A PhiYFP gene-specific DNA fragment was amplified with one TaqMan®primer/probe set containing a probe labeled with FAM™ fluorescent dye,and ZmInv was amplified with a second TaqMan® primer/probe setcontaining a probe labeled with HEX™ fluorescence (Table 5). Primers andprobes for copy number analysis were commercially synthesized byIntegrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, Iowa). The FAM™ fluorescentmoiety was excited at an optical density of 465/510 nm, and the HEX™fluorescent moiety was excited at an optical density of 533/580 nm.

PCR reactions were prepared in a final 10 μl reaction volume usingreagents, as described in Table 6. Gene-specific DNA fragments wereamplified according to the thermocycling conditions set forth in Table7. Copy number and zygosity of the samples were determined by measuringthe relative intensity of fluorescence specific for the reporter gene,PhiYFP, to fluorescence specific for the reference gene, ZmInv, ascompared to known copy number standards.

Copy Number standards were created by diluting the vector, pDAB108706,into Z. mays c.v. B104 genomic DNA (gDNA) to obtain standards with aknown ratio of pDAB108706:gDNA. For example, samples having one, two,and four copies of vector DNA per one copy of the Z. mays c.v. B104 gDNAwere prepared. One and two copy dilutions of the pDAB108706 mixed withthe Z. mays c.v. B104 gDNA standard were validated against a control Z.mays event that was known to be hemizygous, and a control Z. mays eventthat was known to be homozygous (i.e., Z. mays event 278; see PCTInternational Patent Publication No. WO 2011/022469 A2).

A TaqMan® biplexed PCR amplification assay utilizing oligonucleotidesspecific to the PAT gene and the endogenous ZmInv reference gene,respectively, was performed. PCR amplification to detect a gene-specificDNA fragment for PAT with one TaqMan® primer set and a probe labeledwith FAM™ fluorescent dye was employed (Table 5). A second primer setand a probe labeled with HEX™ fluorescent dye was also used to amplifyand detect the ZmInv endogenous reference/control gene (Table 5). ThePAT TaqMan® reaction mixture was prepared as set forth in Table 6 andthe specific fragments were amplified according to the conditions setforth in Table 7.

Results from the transgene copy number analysis of transgenic plantsobtained via transformation with different promoter constructs are shownin Table 8. Only plants with 1-2 copies of the PhiYFP transgene weretransferred to the greenhouse and grown for further expression analyses.

TABLE 5  Primers and Probes for Copy Number Assays SEQ ID GenePrimer/Probe Nucleotide Sequence No: PhiYFP Forward PrimerCGTGTTGGGAAAGAACTTGGA 11 Reverse Primer CCGTGGTTGGCTTGGTCT 12 Probe5′FAM/CACTCCCCACTGCCT 13 (Fluorescent Label/Sequence) ZmInvForward Primer TGGCGGACGACGACTTGT 14 Control Reverse PrimerAAAGTTTGGAGGCTGCCGT 15 Probe 5′HEX/CGAGCAGACCGCCGT 16 (FluorescentGTACTT Label/Sequence) PAT Forward Primer ACAAGAGTGGATTGATGATCT 17AGAGAGGT Reverse Primer CTTTGATGCCTATGTGACACG 18 TAAACAGT Probe5′FAM/GGTGTTGTGGCTGGT 19 (Fluorescent ATTGCTTACGCTGG Label/Sequence)

TABLE 6 Taqman ® Copy Number PCR Reaction Reagents Working FinalConcentra- Volume Concentra- Reagent tion (μl) tion Water — 0.5 — RocheLightCycler Master Mix 2X 5 1X PhiYFP Forward Primer 10 μM 0.4 400 nMPhiYFP Reverse Primer 10 μM 0.4 400 nM PhiYFP Probe-FAM labeled  5 μM0.4 200 nM ZmInv Forward Primer 10 μM 0.4 400 nM ZmInv Reverse Primer 10μM 0.4 400 nM ZmInv Probe-HEX labeled  5 μM 0.4 200 nMPolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) 10% 0.1 0.10% Genomic DNA Template ~5 ng/μl 210 ng/μl

TABLE 7 Thermocycling Conditions for Copy Number PCR Amplification PCRStep Temperature (° C.) Time Number of Cycles 1 95 10 minutes 1 2 95 10seconds 40 58 35 seconds 72 1 second 3 40 10 seconds 1

TABLE 8 Transgene Copy Number Analysis of Transgenic Plants EventsSimple Complex Construct Analyzed (1-2 copies) (>2 copies) 105748 21 156 105743 22 4 18

Example 6: ELISA Quantification of PhiYFP and PAT Proteins

Plants were sampled at V4-5 stage of development using a leaf ELISAassays. Samples were collected in 96-well collection tube plates and 4leaf disks (paper hole punch size) were taken for each sample. Two 4.5mm BBs (Daisy corporation, Roger, Ark.) and 200 μL extraction buffer[1×PBS supplemented with 0.05% Tween®-20 and 0.05% BSA (MilliporeProbumin®, EMD Millipore Corp., Billerica, Mass.)] were added to eachtube. Additional 200 μL of extraction buffer was added to each tubefollowed by inversion to mix. Plates were spun for 5 minutes at 3000rpm. Supernatant was transferred to corresponding wells in a deep well96 stored on ice. The Nunc® 96-well Maxi-Sorp Plates (Thermo FisherScientific Inc., Rockford, Ill.) were used for ELISA. Plates were coatedwith mouse monoclonal anti-YFP capture antibody (OriGene TechnologiesInc., Rockville, Md.). The antibody was diluted in PBS (1 μg/mL) and 150μL of diluted PBS was added per well. The plates were incubatedovernight at 4° C. The overnight plates were kept at room temperaturefor 20-30 minutes before washing 4× with 350 μL of wash buffer [1×PBSsupplemented with 0.05% Tween®-20 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.)].

Plates were blocked with 200 μL per well of blocking buffer [1×PBSsupplemented with 0.05% Tween®-20 plus 0.5% BSA (Millipore Probumin®)]for a minimum of 1 hr at +37° C. followed by 4× washing with 350 μL ofwash buffer (Tomtec QuadraWash™ 2, Tomtec, Inc., Hamden, Conn.).

For the YFP ELISA, Evrogen recombinant Phi-YFP 1 mg/mL (Axxora LLC,Farmingdale, N.Y.) was used as a standard. A 5-parameter fit standardcurve (between the 1 ng/ml and 0.125 ng/ml Standards) was used to ensureall data fall in the linear portion of the curve. 100 μL of standard orsample was added to the well. A minimum 1:4 dilution of sample in theAssay Buffer was used. Plates were incubated for 1 hr at roomtemperature on plate shaker (250 rpm; Titer Plate shaker) followed by 4×washing with 350 μL of wash buffer (Tomtec QuadraWash™ 2). About 100 μLof 1 μg/mL Evrogen rabbit polyclonal anti-PhiYFP primary antibody(Axxora) was added to each well. Plates were incubated for 1 hr at roomtemperature on a plate shaker at 250 rpm followed by 4× washing with 350μL of wash buffer (Tomtec QuadraWash™ 2). Next, 100 μL of anti-rabbitIgG HRP secondary antibody (Thermo Scientific) diluted 1:5000 inBlocking/Assay buffer, which PAT proteins were quantified using kit fromEnvirologix (Portland, Me.). The ELISAs were performed using multipledilutions of plant extracts and the reagents and instructionsessentially as provided by the suppliers.

Example 7: Stable Plant Expression of Transgene Operably-Linked to NovelPromoters

Protein expression was observed in transgenic plant tissues. Forexample, PhiYFP expression was observed in calli of T₀ plants that werestably transformed by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium. The transgenicplants were grown from Z. mays embryos transformed using the binaryvector constructs comprising the novel promoter, pDAB105743 (Z.luxurians v1, FIG. 9) and the control promoter, pDAB105748 (Z. mays c.v.B73, FIG. 8). The plant calli were observed under a stereomicroscope(Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, Ill.) using an YFP filter and a 500nm light source. Representative examples of the stable expression ofPhiYFP observed in the callus tissue of the transgenic T₀ maize plantscomprising pDAB105743 as compared to the control, pDAB105748, are shownin FIG. 10. The data confirms that the novel promoter comprisingpDAB105743 (Z. luxurians v1), as described herein, is able to driverobust expression of the PhiYFP gene in callus tissue of T₀ transgenicplants.

As described in Table 8, whole plants that contained a low copy number(i.e., 1-2 copies) of the PhiYFP transgene were grown in a greenhouse.In general, about five (5) to about ten (10) events per construct andabout five (5) plants per event were used for T₁ expression analysis.The ELISA data revealed consistent expression of the PhiYFP protein inthe leaves of T₁ corn plants using vector constructs comprising thenovel promoter, pDAB105743 (Z. luxurians v1), compared to the controlconstruct, pDAB105748 (Z. mays c.v. B73).

A mean PhiYFP protein expression of approximately 142.5 ng/mg (+/−35.9ng/mg) of PhiYFP was observed for the T₁ plants comprising the novelpromoter construct, pDAB105743 (Z. luxurians v1, FIG. 9), as compared toapproximately 285.3 ng/mg (+/−22.7 ng/mg) of PhiYFP protein produced bythe control plant comprising the control construct, pDAB105748 (Z. maysc.v. B73, FIG. 8). These results confirm that the novel promoter from Z.luxurians v1, as disclosed herein, was useful in producing transgenictraits at high levels of protein production.

In addition, the mean PAT expression for all T₁ plants comprisingpDAB105743 (Z. luxurians v1) was approximately 59.0 ng/mg (+/−11.6ng/mg) as compared to approximately 105.8 ng/mg (+/−7.4 ng/mg) of PATprotein produced by the control plant comprising pDAB105748 from the Z.mays c.v. B73 promoter. Overall, the expression of PAT protein for allmaize plants was significantly lower than the expression observed forthe PhiYFP gene in maize plants.

PhiYFP protein expression was also measured in pollen derived from thetassels of selected T₁ transgenic plants representing each of the novelpromoter constructs described herein. As shown in FIG. 11, imageanalysis of the transgenic pollen confirms that the novel promotercomprising pDAB105743 (Z. luxurians v1), as described in thisapplication, drives high expression of PhiYFP protein in pollen.

Example 8: Vector Construction

Binary expression vector construct pDAB112853 is shown in FIG. 12. ThepDAB112853 construct comprised the PhiYFP reporter gene and the ZmPer53′-UTR which were driven by ZmUbi-1 promoter v2. The pDAB112853construct also comprised the AAD-1 v3 gene and the ZmLip 3′-UTR v1 whichwere driven by Z. luxurians v1.

The pDAB112853 construct was created using standard methodologies asdisclosed in, for example, Ausubel et al. (1995), Sambrook et al.(1989), and updates thereof. Transformation or expression vectors forAgrobacterium-mediated maize embryo transformation were constructedthrough the use of standard cloning methods and Gateway® recombinationreactions employing a standard destination binary vector, and the entryvector comprising the gene expression cassettes, as described above.

Example 9: Stable Plant Expression of Transgene Operably Linked to NovelPromoters

Whole plants that contained a low copy number (i.e., 1-2 copies) of thePhiYFP transgene were grown in a greenhouse. Nineteen (19) events wereused for T₀ expression analysis as shown in Table 9 (below). Robust AAD1protein expression was obtained from all events analyzed (see Table 9).

T₀ single transgene copy plants were backcrossed to wild type B104 cornplants to obtain T₁ seed. Hemizygous T₁ plants were used for analysis.Three (3) events per construct and five (5) plants per event wereanalyzed for R3 leaf expression. Three (3) events per event were usedfor other tissue type expression.

Quantitative measurements of the AAD1 protein obtained from leaf tissueof T₁ transgenic plants comprising novel promoter constructs are shownin Table 10 (below). The data of Table 10 confirmed the T₀ leafexpression results (see Table 9), and further showed consistently highexpression of AAD1 protein in the R3 leaf and other tissues that areobtained from plants containing the novel promoters described herein.

TABLE 9 AAD1 Protein Expression in T₀ V4 Leaf # Event AAD1 Protein(ng/cm2) 1 112853[1]-001.001 45.7 2 112853[1]-006.001 42.4 3112853[1]-007.001 34.9 4 112853[1]-008.001 47.9 5 112853[1]-009.001 62.06 112853[1]-010.001 168.9 7 112853[1]-012.001 142.7 8 112853[1]-013.001127.0 9 112853[1]-014.001 26.5 10 112853[1]-015.001 59.3 11112853[2]-016.001 49.3 12 112853[2]-019.001 80.5 13 112853[2]-020.00168.9 14 112853[2]-022.001 40.3 15 112853[2]-025.001 62.9 16112853[2]-027.001 50.5 17 112853[2]-028.001 76.3 18 112853[2]-029.00155.8 19 112853[2]-030.001 72.5

TABLE 10 AAD1 Protein Expression in Different Tissue Types of T₁ PlantsMean AAD-1 (ng/mg) Event Cob Husk Kernel Pollen R3 Leaf Root Silk Stem112853[1]-001 2004.3 769.1 689.7 1134.9 824.7 1731.7 1765.5 2851.3112853[2]-019 1542.8 672.4 896.6 859.8 776.9 2078.0 2174.5 3551.4112853[2]-020 1725.7 1015.5 625.9 591.2 556.0 1738.0 2203.7 2838.7

What is claimed is:
 1. A construct comprising a promoter sequencecomprising SEQ ID NO: 2 operably linked to a heterologous nucleic acidsequence.
 2. A construct comprising the complement to the promotersequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 operably linked to a heterologous nucleic acidsequence.
 3. The construct of claim 1, wherein the operably linkedheterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes a heterologous polypeptide.4. A gene expression cassette comprising the construct of claim 1operably linked to a 3′-untranslated region.
 5. The gene expressioncassette of claim 4, wherein the operably linked heterologous nucleicacid sequence encodes a polypeptide that confers a trait selected fromthe group consisting of insecticidal resistance, herbicide tolerance,nitrogen use efficiency, water use efficiency, nutritional quality, DNAbinding, and selectable marker.
 6. A recombinant vector comprising thegene expression cassette of claim
 4. 7. The recombinant vector of claim6, wherein the vector is selected from the group consisting of a plasmidvector, a cosmid vector, and a BAC vector.
 8. A transgenic cellcomprising the construct of claim
 1. 9. The transgenic cell of claim 8,wherein the transgenic cell is a transgenic plant cell.
 10. A transgenicplant comprising the transgenic plant cell of claim
 9. 11. A transgenicseed comprising the construct of claim
 1. 12. The transgenic plant ofclaim 10, wherein the transgenic plant is a monocotyledonous ordicotyledonous transgenic plant.
 13. A transgenic plant tissuecomprising the construct of claim
 1. 14. The transgenic plant tissue ofclaim 13, wherein the transgenic plant tissue is selected from the groupconsisting of a root, a shoot, a stem, and a pollen tissue.
 15. Thetransgenic plant of claim 12, wherein the transgenic plant is amonocotyledonous plant.
 16. The construct of claim 1, wherein theoperably linked heterologous nucleic acid sequence encodes a polypeptideselected from the group consisting of the Yellow Fluorescent Proteinfrom the Phialidium species (PhiYFP),phosphinothricin-N-acetyl-transferase (PAT), and aryloxyalkanoatedioxygenase 1 (AAD-1).
 17. The transgenic plant of claim 15, wherein themonocotyledonous plant is selected from the group consisting of a maizeplant, a wheat plant, and a rice plant.